{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404955396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/micro61859.2024.00115","title":"Multi-Issue Butterfly Architecture for Sparse Convex Quadratic Programming","display_name":"Multi-Issue Butterfly Architecture for Sparse Convex Quadratic Programming","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404955396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/micro61859.2024.00115"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/micro61859.2024.00115","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/micro61859.2024.00115","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 57th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/114932","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014749523","display_name":"Maolin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-9834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maolin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034573422","display_name":"Ian McInerney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2616-9771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian McInerney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081461094","display_name":"Bartolomeo Stellato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4684-7111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bartolomeo Stellato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038947607","display_name":"Fengbin Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2228-8829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengbin Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011176205","display_name":"Stephen Boyd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8353-6000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Boyd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020581824","display_name":"Hayden Kwok\u2010Hay So","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6514-0237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hayden Kwok-Hay So","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077687075","display_name":"Kwang\u2010Ting Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3885-4912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwang-Ting Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.117,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76991221,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1574","last_page":"1587"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12176","display_name":"Optimization and Packing Problems","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/butterfly","display_name":"Butterfly","score":0.8423489332199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5833961963653564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5702111721038818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-programming","display_name":"Quadratic programming","score":0.5594169497489929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regular-polygon","display_name":"Regular polygon","score":0.47279947996139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-equation","display_name":"Quadratic equation","score":0.4394649565219879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.399901807308197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27754509449005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.07227927446365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.05651789903640747}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778605236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1018085","display_name":"Butterfly","level":2,"score":0.8423489332199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5833961963653564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5702111721038818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81845259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290117","display_name":"Quadratic programming","level":2,"score":0.5594169497489929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112680207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886","display_name":"Regular polygon","level":2,"score":0.47279947996139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129844170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299","display_name":"Quadratic equation","level":2,"score":0.4394649565219879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.399901807308197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27754509449005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.07227927446365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.05651789903640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/micro61859.2024.00115","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/micro61859.2024.00115","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 57th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/114932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/114932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"1574","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-139570","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-139570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/114932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/114932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"1574","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182691100","https://openalex.org/W1520511539","https://openalex.org/W1552338736","https://openalex.org/W2043724067","https://openalex.org/W2052602889","https://openalex.org/W2074093855","https://openalex.org/W2077309453","https://openalex.org/W2089024363","https://openalex.org/W2101501830","https://openalex.org/W2105610663","https://openalex.org/W2149416133","https://openalex.org/W2151345470","https://openalex.org/W2397636522","https://openalex.org/W2527182050","https://openalex.org/W2769646558","https://openalex.org/W2794952988","https://openalex.org/W2808847270","https://openalex.org/W2901808298","https://openalex.org/W2979747168","https://openalex.org/W2992727511","https://openalex.org/W3016832937","https://openalex.org/W3016904661","https://openalex.org/W3132662561","https://openalex.org/W3155922894","https://openalex.org/W3158275024","https://openalex.org/W3174314287","https://openalex.org/W3207878884","https://openalex.org/W4205355221","https://openalex.org/W4214718338","https://openalex.org/W4240046008","https://openalex.org/W4281722909","https://openalex.org/W4313447739","https://openalex.org/W4327930477","https://openalex.org/W4367016663","https://openalex.org/W4380881167","https://openalex.org/W4387238346","https://openalex.org/W4389476354","https://openalex.org/W4391845251","https://openalex.org/W6696497002","https://openalex.org/W6734122017","https://openalex.org/W6767977373","https://openalex.org/W6859183345"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2390313118","https://openalex.org/W1413765351","https://openalex.org/W2766881779","https://openalex.org/W3036464408","https://openalex.org/W2020990755","https://openalex.org/W2377851227","https://openalex.org/W4293088966","https://openalex.org/W2366868484","https://openalex.org/W2917463375","https://openalex.org/W2155219672"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convex":[0],"quadratic":[1],"optimization":[2],"solvers":[3],"are":[4,153],"extensively":[5],"utilized":[6],"in":[7,14],"various":[8],"domains;":[9],"however,":[10],"achieving":[11],"optimal":[12],"performance":[13,184],"diverse":[15],"situations":[16],"remains":[17],"a":[18,54,86,103,209,228],"significant":[19],"challenge":[20],"due":[21],"to":[22,125,147,156,197,222],"the":[23,72,121,166,173,198,225],"sparse":[24,40],"nature":[25],"of":[26,76],"objective":[27],"and":[28,46,67,144,160,185],"constraint":[29],"matrices.":[30],"General-purpose":[31],"architectures":[32],"struggle":[33],"with":[34,90],"hardware":[35],"utilization":[36],"when":[37],"performing":[38],"critical":[39],"matrix":[41,68,108],"operations,":[42],"such":[43],"as":[44],"factorization":[45],"multiplication.":[47],"To":[48],"address":[49],"this":[50],"issue,":[51],"we":[52],"introduce":[53],"pipelined":[55],"spatial":[56],"architecture,":[57],"Multi-Issue":[58],"Butterfly":[59],"(MIB),":[60],"which":[61],"supports":[62],"all":[63],"primitive":[64],"scalar,":[65],"vector,":[66],"operations":[69,109],"required":[70],"by":[71,98,130,142],"Alternating":[73],"Direction":[74],"Method":[75],"Multipliers":[77],"(ADMM)":[78],"based":[79,110],"solver":[80],"algorithm.":[81],"The":[82],"proposed":[83,167],"architecture":[84,168],"features":[85],"butterfly":[87],"computational":[88],"network":[89,122],"innovative":[91],"working":[92],"modes":[93],"for":[94,107],"each":[95],"node,":[96],"controlled":[97],"runtime":[99,218,237],"instructions.":[100],"We":[101,164],"developed":[102],"companion":[104],"scheduling":[105],"method":[106],"on":[111,203],"their":[112],"sparsity":[113],"patterns.":[114],"For":[115,133],"factorization,":[116],"an":[117],"elimination":[118],"tree":[119],"guides":[120],"instructions":[123],"reordering":[124],"avoid":[126],"data":[127,136],"hazards":[128,140,152],"caused":[129,141],"computation":[131],"dependencies.":[132],"matrix-vector":[134],"multiplication,":[135],"prefetching":[137],"resolves":[138],"structural":[139],"read":[143],"write":[145],"conflicts":[146],"register":[148],"files.":[149],"Instructions":[150],"without":[151],"issued":[154],"simultaneously":[155],"increase":[157],"pipeline":[158],"throughput":[159],"function":[161],"unit":[162],"utilization.":[163],"evaluate":[165],"using":[169],"FPGA":[170],"prototypes,":[171],"representing":[172],"first":[174],"fully":[175],"FPGA-based":[176],"generic":[177],"QP":[178,190],"solver.":[179],"Our":[180],"assessment":[181],"includes":[182],"extensive":[183],"efficiency":[186],"bench-marks":[187],"across":[188],"100":[189],"problems":[191],"from":[192],"five":[193],"application":[194],"domains.":[195],"Compared":[196],"same":[199],"algorithm":[200],"variation":[201],"running":[202],"CPU":[204],"backends,":[205,224],"our":[206],"prototype":[207,226],"achieves":[208],"geometric":[210,229],"mean":[211,230],"of$30.5\\times$end-to-end":[212],"speedup,$127.0":[213],"\\times$greater":[214],"energy":[215,234],"efficiency,":[216,235],"and$16.5\\times$less":[217],"jitter.":[219,238],"In":[220],"comparison":[221],"GPU":[223],"attains":[227],"of$4.3\\times$faster":[231],"end-to-end":[232],"speedup,$21.7\\times$higher":[233],"and$33.4\\times$less":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}