{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283758035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/medcomnet55087.2022.9810464","title":"Transaction confirmation in proof-of-work blockchains: auctions, delays and droppings","display_name":"Transaction confirmation in proof-of-work blockchains: auctions, delays and droppings","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283758035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/medcomnet55087.2022.9810464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/medcomnet55087.2022.9810464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/medcomnet55087.2022.9810464","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 20th Mediterranean Communication and Computer Networking Conference (MedComNet)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087987103","display_name":"Simonetta Balsamo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simonetta Balsamo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia,Dep. of Env. S., Inf. and Statistics,Venice,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia,Dep. of Env. S., Inf. and Statistics,Venice,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033594147","display_name":"Ivan Malakhov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1176-3543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Malakhov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia,Dep. of Env. S., Inf. and Statistics,Venice,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia,Dep. of Env. S., Inf. and Statistics,Venice,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005581769","display_name":"Andrea Marin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5958-1204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Marin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia,Dep. of Env. S., Inf. and Statistics,Venice,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia,Dep. of Env. S., Inf. and Statistics,Venice,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073475298","display_name":"Isi Mitrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7797-7755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isi Mitrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Newcastle,Department of Computing,Newcastle Upon Tyne,UK","Department of Computing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Newcastle,Department of Computing,Newcastle Upon Tyne,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087987103"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9094,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78873322,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"140","last_page":"149"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10974","display_name":"Advanced Queuing Theory Analysis","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.9659000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7428637146949768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6235895156860352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.6072167754173279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queue","display_name":"Queue","score":0.5987489819526672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-value-auction","display_name":"Common value auction","score":0.5579923391342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.525441586971283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.4741748571395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queueing-theory","display_name":"Queueing theory","score":0.4738890528678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.4697212278842926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.4639316201210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.43489789962768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.4261338412761688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.37192314863204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.28001153469085693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.16167578101158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.14227715134620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.1420903503894806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.12588605284690857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11105576157569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.09791645407676697}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7428637146949768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6235895156860352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.6072167754173279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160403385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220543","display_name":"Queue","level":2,"score":0.5987489819526672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163239763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5153637","display_name":"Common value auction","level":2,"score":0.5579923391342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.525441586971283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.4741748571395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22684755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847526","display_name":"Queueing theory","level":2,"score":0.4738890528678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4697212278842926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.4639316201210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.43489789962768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.4261338412761688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.37192314863204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28001153469085693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.16167578101158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.14227715134620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.1420903503894806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.12588605284690857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11105576157569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.09791645407676697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/medcomnet55087.2022.9810464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/medcomnet55087.2022.9810464","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 20th Mediterranean Communication and Computer Networking Conference (MedComNet)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unive.it:10278/5009380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10278/5009380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402336","display_name":"ARCA (Universit\u00e0 Ca' Foscari Venezia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","host_organization_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2619655139","https://openalex.org/W2896616816","https://openalex.org/W2908041687","https://openalex.org/W2921088707","https://openalex.org/W2981922265","https://openalex.org/W2999920023","https://openalex.org/W3000226457","https://openalex.org/W3032784958","https://openalex.org/W3038691548","https://openalex.org/W3104239577","https://openalex.org/W3122067257","https://openalex.org/W3153122567","https://openalex.org/W3163542084","https://openalex.org/W3216347401","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4377088940","https://openalex.org/W6779255651","https://openalex.org/W6853203301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000785801","https://openalex.org/W986318368","https://openalex.org/W2384410913","https://openalex.org/W2352878646","https://openalex.org/W2004734601","https://openalex.org/W2130149817","https://openalex.org/W2990194547","https://openalex.org/W1480123525","https://openalex.org/W2620865396","https://openalex.org/W2414054180"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchains":[0],"based":[1],"on":[2],"Proof-of-Work":[3],"(PoW)":[4],"reward":[5],"miners":[6,150],"thanks":[7],"to":[8,16,46,101,152],"an":[9],"auction":[10,49],"among":[11,30,97],"the":[12,22,25,34,67,79,85,95,98,102,115,127,129,134,140,157,164,167,171],"transactions":[13,23,99,155],"that":[14,81,122],"ask":[15],"be":[17],"confirmed.":[18],"Each":[19],"block":[20,61,87],"contains":[21],"offering":[24],"highest":[26],"fee":[27],"per":[28],"Byte":[29],"those":[31,112],"pending":[32],"in":[33,114,147],"queue":[35],"called":[36],"Mempool.":[37,158],"Various":[38],"types":[39],"of":[40,53,66,89],"queueing":[41,76],"models":[42],"have":[43,55],"been":[44],"proposed":[45],"study":[47],"this":[48,70,107,160],"mechanism":[50],"but":[51],"most":[52],"them":[54],"some":[56,154],"simplifying":[57],"assumptions,":[58],"e.g,":[59],"fixed":[60],"capacity":[62,88],"or":[63],"stochastic":[64],"stability":[65],"system.":[68],"In":[69,159],"work,":[71],"we":[72,118,162],"first":[73],"propose":[74],"a":[75,120],"model":[77,110],"for":[78],"Mempool":[80],"takes":[82],"into":[83],"account":[84],"variable":[86],"real":[90],"systems":[91],"as":[92,94],"well":[93],"priority":[96],"due":[100],"offered":[103,172],"fees.":[104],"We":[105],"compare":[106],"more":[108],"accurate":[109],"with":[111],"known":[113],"literature.":[116],"Then,":[117],"investigate":[119,163],"problem":[121],"received":[123],"little":[124],"attention":[125],"from":[126,156],"literature:":[128],"transaction":[130],"dropping.":[131],"Indeed,":[132],"when":[133],"workload":[135],"intensity":[136],"is":[137],"higher":[138],"than":[139],"maximum":[141],"throughput":[142],"(a":[143],"very":[144],"frequent":[145],"situation":[146],"bitcoin":[148],"network),":[149],"need":[151],"evict":[153],"context,":[161],"relation":[165],"between":[166],"dropping":[168],"probability":[169],"and":[170],"fee.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-07-02T00:00:00"}