{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391020690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2024.3356169","title":"Testing the Capability of AI Art Tools for Urban Design","display_name":"Testing the Capability of AI Art Tools for Urban Design","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391020690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2024.3356169","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38241102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcg.2024.3356169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2024.3356169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105380075","display_name":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","issn_l":"0272-1716","issn":["0272-1716","1558-1756"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/context/cis_research/article/1494/viewcontent/Testing_the_Capability_of_AI_Art_Tools_for_Urban_Design.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063884623","display_name":"Connor Phillips","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3779-883X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Connor Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3779-883X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060920769","display_name":"Junfeng Jiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7272-8805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junfeng Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7272-8805","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093745213","display_name":"Emmalee Clubb","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmalee Clubb","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5737-8898","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.7143,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9889021,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"2","first_page":"37","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13518","display_name":"Architecture and Computational Design","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2216","display_name":"Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12650","display_name":"Aesthetic Perception and Analysis","score":0.9789000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6778243780136108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brainstorming","display_name":"Brainstorming","score":0.6725623607635498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.49395138025283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45437878370285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ideation","display_name":"Ideation","score":0.44756263494491577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-design","display_name":"Urban design","score":0.4348416328430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4222947657108307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-planning","display_name":"Urban planning","score":0.377219557762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3494369387626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3284318447113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14796507358551025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.10179904103279114}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6778243780136108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150672426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191183","display_name":"Brainstorming","level":2,"score":0.6725623607635498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.49395138025283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45437878370285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170477896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17039022","display_name":"Ideation","level":2,"score":0.44756263494491577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205300905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63100","display_name":"Urban design","level":3,"score":0.4348416328430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4222947657108307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.377219557762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3494369387626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3284318447113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14796507358551025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.10179904103279114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mcg.2024.3356169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2024.3356169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105380075","display_name":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","issn_l":"0272-1716","issn":["0272-1716","1558-1756"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38241102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38241102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE computer graphics and applications","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:cis_research-1494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cis_research/495","pdf_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/context/cis_research/article/1494/viewcontent/Testing_the_Capability_of_AI_Art_Tools_for_Urban_Design.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2024.3356169","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:cis_research-1494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cis_research/495","pdf_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/context/cis_research/article/1494/viewcontent/Testing_the_Capability_of_AI_Art_Tools_for_Urban_Design.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2024.3356169","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3918571720","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#2125858","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391020690.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391020690.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968248552","https://openalex.org/W2033220317","https://openalex.org/W2469477732","https://openalex.org/W2606837131","https://openalex.org/W2623755243","https://openalex.org/W2891711221","https://openalex.org/W3007780968","https://openalex.org/W3011628670","https://openalex.org/W3014587193","https://openalex.org/W3082669649","https://openalex.org/W3119198848","https://openalex.org/W3162926177","https://openalex.org/W3166396011","https://openalex.org/W4287900772","https://openalex.org/W4288646860","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4313005890","https://openalex.org/W4318256669","https://openalex.org/W4319978761","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385699563","https://openalex.org/W4385953069","https://openalex.org/W6772715161","https://openalex.org/W6790978476","https://openalex.org/W6791353385","https://openalex.org/W6795288823"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3035050048","https://openalex.org/W2182525855","https://openalex.org/W3122544827","https://openalex.org/W2750895232","https://openalex.org/W2900463800","https://openalex.org/W3038012126","https://openalex.org/W3016620303","https://openalex.org/W4383423912","https://openalex.org/W1492358112","https://openalex.org/W1971829649"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,150],"aimed":[2],"to":[3,85,152],"evaluate":[4],"the":[5,58,123,140,154],"performance":[6],"of":[7,32,89,126,156],"three":[8,59],"artificial":[9],"intelligence":[10],"(AI)":[11],"image":[12],"synthesis":[13],"models,":[14,61],"Dall-E":[15],"2,":[16],"Stable":[17],"Diffusion,":[18],"and":[19,37,48,74,101,113,131,143,162,171],"Midjourney,":[20],"in":[21,96,106,122],"generating":[22],"urban":[23,68,117,164,172],"design":[24,75,91,165],"imagery":[25],"based":[26],"on":[27],"scene":[28],"descriptions.":[29],"A":[30],"total":[31],"240":[33],"images":[34],"were":[35],"generated":[36],"evaluated":[38],"by":[39],"two":[40],"independent":[41],"professional":[42],"evaluators":[43],"using":[44],"an":[45],"adapted":[46],"sensibleness":[47],"specificity":[49],"average":[50],"metric.":[51],"The":[52,149],"results":[53],"showed":[54,93],"significant":[55],"differences":[56],"between":[57],"AI":[60,82,157],"as":[62,64,111],"well":[63],"differing":[65],"scores":[66],"across":[67],"scenes,":[69],"suggesting":[70],"that":[71],"some":[72],"projects":[73],"elements":[76,92,109],"may":[77],"be":[78],"more":[79,145,160],"challenging":[80],"for":[81,159,169],"art":[83],"generators":[84],"represent":[86],"visually.":[87],"Analysis":[88],"individual":[90],"high":[94],"accuracy":[95],"common":[97],"features":[98],"like":[99],"skyscrapers":[100],"lawns,":[102],"but":[103],"less":[104],"frequency":[105],"depicting":[107],"unique":[108],"such":[110],"sculptures":[112],"transit":[114],"stops.":[115],"AI-generated":[116],"designs":[118],"have":[119],"potential":[120],"applications":[121],"early":[124],"stages":[125],"exploration":[127],"when":[128],"rapid":[129],"ideation":[130],"visual":[132],"brainstorming":[133],"are":[134],"key.":[135],"Future":[136],"research":[137],"could":[138],"broaden":[139],"style":[141],"range":[142],"include":[144],"diverse":[146],"evaluative":[147],"metrics.":[148],"aims":[151],"guide":[153],"development":[155],"models":[158],"nuanced":[161],"inclusive":[163],"applications,":[166],"enhancing":[167],"tools":[168],"architects":[170],"planners.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}