{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2913099770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2018.2876054","title":"An Attack-Resilient CPS Architecture for Hierarchical Control: A Case Study on Train Control Systems","display_name":"An Attack-Resilient CPS Architecture for Hierarchical Control: A Case Study on Train Control Systems","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2913099770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2018.2876054","mag":"2913099770"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mc.2018.2876054","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2018.2876054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178916657","display_name":"Computer","issn_l":"0018-9162","issn":["0018-9162","1558-0814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021688385","display_name":"Yuchang Won","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-9658"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuchang Won","raw_affiliation_strings":["DGIST, South Korea","Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Daegu, KR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DGIST, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Daegu, KR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050174501","display_name":"Buyeon Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Buyeon Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["DGIST, South Korea","Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Daegu, KR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DGIST, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Daegu, KR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049782004","display_name":"Jaegeun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9707-6578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaegeun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["DGIST, South Korea","Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Daegu, KR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DGIST, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Daegu, KR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070775159","display_name":"In\u2010Hee Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8228-323X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"In-Hee Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["DGIST, South Korea","Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Daegu, KR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DGIST, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Daegu, KR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065757650","display_name":"Haegeon Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-6061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haegeon Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048064166","display_name":"Jeanseong Baik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2157-0152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeanseong Baik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014427808","display_name":"Kyungtae Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6587-7044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyungtae Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030456600","display_name":"Insup Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-1132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Insup Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, United States","University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012886088","display_name":"Sang H. Son","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0070-5951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sang Hyuk Son","raw_affiliation_strings":["DGIST, South Korea","Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Daegu, KR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DGIST, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Daegu, KR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073593813","display_name":"Kyung\u2010Joon Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4807-6461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyung-Joon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["DGIST, South Korea","Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Daegu, KR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DGIST, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Daegu, KR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027782566","display_name":"Yongsoon Eun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2304-7106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongsoon Eun","raw_affiliation_strings":["DGIST, South Korea","Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Daegu, KR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DGIST, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Daegu, KR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021688385"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2875,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82131683,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"11","first_page":"46","last_page":"55"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.9075540900230408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8278324604034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6932494640350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.5782762765884399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-control-system","display_name":"Hierarchical control system","score":0.5038694739341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-architecture","display_name":"Systems architecture","score":0.4707024097442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4651869833469391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.45498740673065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4443620443344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3970508575439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3816860318183899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3190584182739258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13342061638832092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10018828511238098}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.9075540900230408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8278324604034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6932494640350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.5782762765884399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124527596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17029359","display_name":"Hierarchical control system","level":3,"score":0.5038694739341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.4707024097442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4651869833469391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.45498740673065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4443620443344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3970508575439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3816860318183899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3190584182739258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13342061638832092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10018828511238098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mc.2018.2876054","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2018.2876054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178916657","display_name":"Computer","issn_l":"0018-9162","issn":["0018-9162","1558-0814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1848571880","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2013K1A1A2A02078326","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W66053595","https://openalex.org/W1997713206","https://openalex.org/W2032732517","https://openalex.org/W2120185818","https://openalex.org/W2125560635","https://openalex.org/W2149713648","https://openalex.org/W2156093990","https://openalex.org/W2158914121","https://openalex.org/W2249823353","https://openalex.org/W2292985440","https://openalex.org/W2367220237","https://openalex.org/W2593375656","https://openalex.org/W2597062023","https://openalex.org/W2609069598","https://openalex.org/W2772380568","https://openalex.org/W2772846197","https://openalex.org/W2774492400","https://openalex.org/W2793382338","https://openalex.org/W4246670154","https://openalex.org/W6708128109"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4317583957","https://openalex.org/W2391320466","https://openalex.org/W1997001436","https://openalex.org/W2159197828","https://openalex.org/W2105611980","https://openalex.org/W121182129","https://openalex.org/W2098018358","https://openalex.org/W867317729","https://openalex.org/W2387292196","https://openalex.org/W2913099770"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3],"attack-resilient":[4],"architecture":[5],"for":[6],"cyber-physical":[7],"systems":[8],"(CPSs).":[9],"As":[10],"a":[11,17,34],"case":[12],"study,":[13],"the":[14,24],"authors":[15],"build":[16],"radio-based":[18],"train":[19],"control":[20,36],"testbed":[21],"and":[22],"validate":[23],"proposed":[25],"resilient":[26],"design":[27],"architecture.":[28],"The":[29],"target":[30],"CPS":[31],"application":[32],"is":[33],"hierarchical":[35],"system.":[37]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
