{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400903514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3432834","title":"MAPD-Net: A GPR-Based Method for Estimating Rebar Parameters and Concrete Moisture Content","display_name":"MAPD-Net: A GPR-Based Method for Estimating Rebar Parameters and Concrete Moisture Content","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400903514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3432834"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2024.3432834","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3432834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033289076","display_name":"Hai-Han Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2749-9916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hai-Han Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2749-9916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033289076"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4113,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55225074,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9409999847412109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.8373022079467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rebar","display_name":"Rebar","score":0.7674404382705688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-content","display_name":"Water content","score":0.7042849063873291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content","display_name":"Content (measure theory)","score":0.4464268386363983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.44623807072639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39044860005378723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-science","display_name":"Soil science","score":0.3895803391933441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.37360286712646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.3166201710700989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.26613280177116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.2600068747997284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.1346319615840912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11089023947715759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.10648581385612488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09429165720939636}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.8373022079467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778664469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150425","display_name":"Rebar","level":2,"score":0.7674404382705688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.7042849063873291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778152352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165061","display_name":"Content (measure theory)","level":2,"score":0.4464268386363983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.44623807072639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39044860005378723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.3895803391933441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.37360286712646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3166201710700989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.26613280177116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2600068747997284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.1346319615840912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11089023947715759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.10648581385612488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09429165720939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2024.3432834","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2024.3432834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974740851","https://openalex.org/W1999819488","https://openalex.org/W2005960247","https://openalex.org/W2030011430","https://openalex.org/W2040207747","https://openalex.org/W2055871050","https://openalex.org/W2058819995","https://openalex.org/W2082621535","https://openalex.org/W2096168716","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2945595409","https://openalex.org/W3012140695","https://openalex.org/W3034147267","https://openalex.org/W3046130646","https://openalex.org/W3176860472","https://openalex.org/W4289538074","https://openalex.org/W4313215750","https://openalex.org/W4313839183","https://openalex.org/W6631190155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3210819266","https://openalex.org/W2108512031","https://openalex.org/W2063755384","https://openalex.org/W2048409327","https://openalex.org/W2153306223","https://openalex.org/W2997015357","https://openalex.org/W2390117385","https://openalex.org/W2123825282","https://openalex.org/W1977273908","https://openalex.org/W2079990215"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ground-penetrating":[0],"radar":[1],"(GPR)":[2],"is":[3],"an":[4],"efficient":[5],"nondestructive":[6],"technique":[7],"for":[8],"inspecting":[9],"reinforced":[10],"concrete":[11,89,97],"structures.":[12],"Estimating":[13],"reinforcing":[14],"bar":[15],"(rebar)":[16],"parameters":[17,30,90,95],"from":[18,91,121],"GPR":[19,43,92],"radargrams":[20,113],"remains":[21],"challenging":[22],"due":[23],"to":[24,83],"the":[25,33,38,61,116,138,159],"strong":[26],"correlation":[27],"among":[28],"rebar-related":[29],"when":[31],"producing":[32],"reflection":[34],"signature.":[35],"In":[36],"addition,":[37],"unknown":[39],"rebar":[40,51,87,101],"orientation":[41,108],"affects":[42],"detection":[44],"capabilities":[45],"and":[46,77,88,107,128,169,183],"adds":[47],"further":[48],"difficulties":[49],"in":[50,60,144],"parameter":[52,78,126],"estimation,":[53],"which":[54],"has":[55],"not":[56],"yet":[57],"been":[58],"addressed":[59],"existing":[62],"literature.":[63],"To":[64],"tackle":[65],"these":[66,146],"issues,":[67],"we":[68],"present":[69],"a":[70],"neural":[71,80],"network":[72,81],"structure,":[73],"called":[74],"multipolarimetric":[75],"aggregation":[76],"decorrelation":[79],"(MAPD-Net),":[82],"automatically":[84],"derive":[85],"multiple":[86],"radargrams.":[93],"These":[94],"include":[96],"moisture":[98],"content":[99],"(mc),":[100],"cover":[102],"depth":[103],"(d),":[104],"radius":[105],"(r),":[106],"($\\varphi":[109],"$).":[110],"Given":[111],"multipolarization":[112],"as":[114],"inputs,":[115],"MAPD-Net":[117,139],"extracts":[118],"informative":[119],"features":[120],"each":[122,132],"polarization":[123],"radargram,":[124],"weakens":[125],"correlation,":[127],"performs":[129],"estimation":[130,142],"of":[131,153,177],"parameter.":[133],"Numerical":[134],"results":[135],"demonstrate":[136],"that":[137],"achieves":[140],"high":[141],"accuracy":[143],"estimating":[145],"parameters.":[147],"The":[148,172],"mean":[149],"absolute":[150,174],"errors":[151,176],"(MAEs)":[152],"mc,":[154],"d,":[155],"r,":[156],"and$\\varphi":[157],"$in":[158],"600":[160],"testing":[161],"data":[162],"are":[163,179],"0.06%,":[164],"0.8":[165],"mm,":[166,168],"0.4":[167],"1.0\u00b0,":[170],"respectively.":[171,185],"average":[173],"percentage":[175],"them":[178],"2.2%,":[180],"1.1%,":[181],"3.8%,":[182],"4.4%,":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
