{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385255201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3298606","title":"FRAD: Free-Rider Attacks Detection Mechanism for Federated Learning in AIoT","display_name":"FRAD: Free-Rider Attacks Detection Mechanism for Federated Learning in AIoT","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385255201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3298606"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3298606","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3298606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003990589","display_name":"Bo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0394-1482"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305995","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcbdc92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340779","display_name":"Hongtao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-8613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94310126","display_name":"Shanxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zd3ta61","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94310126"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongtao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94310126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058120371","display_name":"Ximeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-3295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ximeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078932598","display_name":"Yina Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0998-2448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305995","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcbdc92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yina Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003990589"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2844,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97322229,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"4377","last_page":"4388"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7279099225997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reputation","display_name":"Reputation","score":0.66569584608078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.6290748119354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-rider-problem","display_name":"Free rider problem","score":0.6286380887031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.6235448122024536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.5528205037117004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4590533971786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.44905591011047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3931736350059509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3405672311782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3395504355430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.22683969140052795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1525460183620453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7279099225997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.66569584608078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.6290748119354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196788367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q499215","display_name":"Free rider problem","level":3,"score":0.6286380887031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6235448122024536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.5528205037117004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4590533971786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44905591011047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3931736350059509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3405672311782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3395504355430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.22683969140052795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1525460183620453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162222271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92779871","display_name":"Public good","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3298606","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3298606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5711172492","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20201417","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5963154921","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20210302123338","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7229644904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271341","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8287442840","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61702316","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2972882814","https://openalex.org/W2974429275","https://openalex.org/W2989677594","https://openalex.org/W3040266635","https://openalex.org/W3091870957","https://openalex.org/W3120176213","https://openalex.org/W3135472452","https://openalex.org/W3135550350","https://openalex.org/W3156681210","https://openalex.org/W3157850870","https://openalex.org/W3176364684","https://openalex.org/W3182125009","https://openalex.org/W3185309611","https://openalex.org/W3187661226","https://openalex.org/W3203600060","https://openalex.org/W4205507294","https://openalex.org/W4205901761","https://openalex.org/W4206143364","https://openalex.org/W4211229461","https://openalex.org/W4220935909","https://openalex.org/W4226256841","https://openalex.org/W4226329309","https://openalex.org/W4285206772","https://openalex.org/W4285554319","https://openalex.org/W4286254621","https://openalex.org/W4290948380","https://openalex.org/W4293233634","https://openalex.org/W4312261078","https://openalex.org/W4312268651","https://openalex.org/W4312403348","https://openalex.org/W4312425371","https://openalex.org/W4313142254","https://openalex.org/W4313182303","https://openalex.org/W4323312436","https://openalex.org/W4377000627","https://openalex.org/W6748102297","https://openalex.org/W6748786018","https://openalex.org/W6770040465","https://openalex.org/W6770634426","https://openalex.org/W6779821316","https://openalex.org/W6798563395","https://openalex.org/W6810732526"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386603768","https://openalex.org/W2950475743","https://openalex.org/W2886711096","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W4380078352","https://openalex.org/W3046591097","https://openalex.org/W4389249638","https://openalex.org/W51298417","https://openalex.org/W3125188604","https://openalex.org/W3124986713"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"development":[2],"of":[3,7,24,35,40,64,72,117,219],"the":[4,33,38,52,62,70,104,109,150,166,173,207,220],"Artificial":[5],"Intelligence":[6],"Things":[8],"(AIoT)":[9],"opens":[10],"up":[11,216],"a":[12,21,80,226],"new":[13],"perspective":[14],"for":[15,86],"emerging":[16],"service-based":[17],"applications":[18],"and":[19,37,98,114,134,185,197,205],"becomes":[20],"major":[22],"driver":[23],"diverse":[25],"federated":[26,142],"learning":[27],"(FL)":[28],"applications.":[29],"However,":[30],"due":[31],"to":[32,50,132,139,217],"heterogeneity":[34],"nodes":[36,45,138],"existence":[39],"free-rider":[41,48,81,203,231],"attacks,":[42,204],"some":[43],"device":[44,119],"may":[46],"launch":[47],"attacks":[49],"obtain":[51],"global":[53],"model":[54,93,103,131],"without":[55],"any":[56],"contribution,":[57],"which":[58],"not":[59],"only":[60],"dampens":[61],"enthusiasm":[63],"legitimate":[65],"participants":[66],"but":[67],"also":[68],"undermines":[69],"fairness":[71],"node":[73],"contributions.":[74],"In":[75],"this":[76,170],"article,":[77],"we":[78,101,126,148],"propose":[79],"attack":[82],"detection":[83],"(FRAD)":[84],"mechanism":[85,152,168],"FL":[87],"with":[88,159],"deep":[89],"autoencoding":[90],"Gaussian":[91],"mixture":[92],"(DAGMM)":[94],"based":[95,107,122],"on":[96,108,123,195],"contribution":[97,105,158],"reputation.":[99],"Specifically,":[100],"first":[102],"values":[106],"computing":[110],"resource,":[111],"communication":[112],"cost,":[113],"data":[115],"quality":[116],"each":[118],"node.":[120],"Then,":[121],"PageRank":[124],"algorithms,":[125],"design":[127],"an":[128],"optimal":[129],"reputation-based":[130],"fairly":[133],"precisely":[135],"choose":[136],"benign":[137],"participate":[140],"in":[141,169,200],"training":[143],"under":[144],"information":[145],"asymmetry.":[146],"Furthermore,":[147],"develop":[149],"FRAD":[151,222],"via":[153],"DAGMM":[154],"that":[155,165],"combines":[156],"historical":[157],"reputation":[160],"scores.":[161],"Simulation":[162],"results":[163],"validate":[164],"proposed":[167],"article":[171],"outperforms":[172],"state-of-the-art":[174],"baselines":[175],"<inline-formula":[176,186],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[177,187],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[178,188],"<tex-math":[179,189],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$(\\sim":[180],"\\!\\!":[181,191],"2.14\\times":[182],"$":[183,193],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[184,194],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\sim":[190],"1.1\\times":[192],"MNIST":[196],"CIFAR,":[198],"respectively)":[199],"defending":[201],"against":[202,230],"when":[206],"main":[208],"clients":[209],"are":[210],"free-riders,":[211,221],"i.e.,":[212],"50%":[213],"or":[214],"even":[215],"80%":[218],"can":[223],"still":[224],"maintain":[225],"high":[227],"defense":[228],"performance":[229],"attacks.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}