{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414170120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwqos65803.2025.11143353","title":"Flowaccel: A Line-Rate Intelligent Traffic Analysis Framework in FPGA-Based Smartnics","display_name":"Flowaccel: A Line-Rate Intelligent Traffic Analysis Framework in FPGA-Based Smartnics","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414170120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwqos65803.2025.11143353"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwqos65803.2025.11143353","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwqos65803.2025.11143353","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE/ACM 33rd International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQoS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080511669","display_name":"Yu Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6654-237X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yadong Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043707940","display_name":"Guang Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8642-4362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007591898","display_name":"Yuyu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8125-7171"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101596482","display_name":"Siyuan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2934-3464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyuan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101013308","display_name":"Deyu Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100695302","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6323-1234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences),Jinan,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences),Jinan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080511669"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27431442,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5497999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-processor","display_name":"Network processor","score":0.4706000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.4593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.41510000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4115999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-analysis","display_name":"Traffic analysis","score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.3765000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8245999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5497999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74366991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2755335","display_name":"Network processor","level":3,"score":0.4706000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.4593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4553000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4251999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.41510000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4115999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781317605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832483","display_name":"Traffic analysis","level":2,"score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10597312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5473302","display_name":"Forwarding plane","level":3,"score":0.37290000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126831891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221673","display_name":"Host (biology)","level":2,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7122997","display_name":"Packet processing","level":3,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204679922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q734252","display_name":"Deep packet inspection","level":3,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51675839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665681","display_name":"Intelligent Network","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207512268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074551","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176715033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080768","display_name":"Traffic generation model","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwqos65803.2025.11143353","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwqos65803.2025.11143353","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE/ACM 33rd International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQoS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7113524563","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62402100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W2343828539","https://openalex.org/W3136284412","https://openalex.org/W3153512259","https://openalex.org/W3184772129","https://openalex.org/W4213060442","https://openalex.org/W4281617381","https://openalex.org/W4293093536","https://openalex.org/W4324142289","https://openalex.org/W4382239858","https://openalex.org/W4386260575","https://openalex.org/W4387448885","https://openalex.org/W4388561308","https://openalex.org/W4389331539","https://openalex.org/W4391892558","https://openalex.org/W4393105984","https://openalex.org/W4401508184","https://openalex.org/W4401508279","https://openalex.org/W4402896928","https://openalex.org/W4404627583","https://openalex.org/W4405183220","https://openalex.org/W4406322639","https://openalex.org/W4408870590","https://openalex.org/W4411337269"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"traffic":[1,41,65,95],"analysis,":[2],"serving":[3],"as":[4],"a":[5,15,39,72,100,117,133,140],"core":[6],"enabler":[7],"of":[8,11,79,94,156,162],"QoS":[9],"(Quality":[10],"Service)":[12],"policies,":[13],"plays":[14],"pivotal":[16],"role":[17],"in":[18,67],"finegrained":[19],"resource":[20],"scheduling":[21],"and":[22,82,98,147,169],"mission-critical":[23],"performance":[24],"assurance.":[25],"While":[26],"SmartNIC-based":[27],"data":[28],"plane":[29],"offloading":[30,183],"effectively":[31],"alleviates":[32],"host":[33],"processing":[34],"burdens,":[35],"existing":[36,178],"solutions":[37],"lack":[38],"unified":[40],"management":[42],"capability,":[43],"restricting":[44],"them":[45],"to":[46],"packet-level":[47],"classification":[48],"or":[49],"inference":[50,124],"model":[51,107],"acceleration.":[52],"This":[53],"paper":[54],"proposes":[55],"FlowAccel,":[56],"an":[57],"end-to-end":[58],"hardware":[59,182],"architecture":[60],"for":[61,76,105],"line-rate":[62],"intelligent":[63],"network":[64,129],"analysis":[66],"FPGA-based":[68],"SmartNICs.":[69],"FlowAccel":[70,138,158],"constructs":[71],"hierarchical":[73],"memory":[74],"structure":[75],"real-time":[77],"updates":[78],"flow":[80],"state":[81],"per-flow":[83],"packet":[84],"length":[85],"sequence.":[86],"Its":[87],"feature":[88],"extraction":[89],"pipeline":[90],"enables":[91],"parallel":[92],"computation":[93],"fingerprint":[96],"features":[97],"incorporates":[99],"dedicated":[101],"XGBoost":[102],"acceleration":[103],"engine":[104],"hardware-optimized":[106],"inference.":[108],"Implemented":[109],"on":[110],"the":[111],"Alveo":[112],"U50,":[113],"our":[114],"prototype":[115],"demonstrates":[116],"<tex":[118,141,148,163],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[119,142,149,164],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$1.08":[120],"\\mu":[121],"~\\mathrm{s}$</tex>":[122],"median":[123],"latency":[125,145],"under":[126],"100":[127,180],"Gbps":[128,181],"traffic.":[130],"Compared":[131],"with":[132],"single-logical-core":[134],"DPDK":[135],"software":[136],"implementation,":[137],"achieves":[139],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$54":[143],"\\times$</tex>":[144,151],"reduction":[146],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$180":[150],"throughput":[152],"improvement.":[153],"In":[154],"terms":[155],"accuracy,":[157],"attains":[159],"Macro-F1":[160],"scores":[161],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$89.0":[165],"\\%,":[166],"86.3":[167],"\\%$</tex>,":[168],"92.4":[170],"%":[171],"across":[172],"three":[173],"public":[174],"datasets,":[175],"significantly":[176],"outperforming":[177],"single-port":[179],"approaches.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
