{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3045904844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc48107.2020.9148401","title":"FScaler: Automatic Resource Scaling of Containers in Fog Clusters Using Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"FScaler: Automatic Resource Scaling of Containers in Fog Clusters Using Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3045904844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc48107.2020.9148401","mag":"3045904844"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwcmc48107.2020.9148401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc48107.2020.9148401","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004025182","display_name":"Hani Sami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6925-1006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hani Sami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005269467","display_name":"Azzam Mourad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9434-5322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56306041","display_name":"Lebanese American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqkan37","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azzam Mourad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049846737","display_name":"Hadi Otrok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9574-5384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadi Otrok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, Center of Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, Center of Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020978568","display_name":"Jamal Bentahar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3136-4849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamal Bentahar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004025182"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.546,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93208675,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1824","last_page":"1829"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7996268272399902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fog","display_name":"Fog","score":0.7294802665710449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6979566216468811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6891963481903076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6803333759307861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6097926497459412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fog-computing","display_name":"Fog computing","score":0.5048425793647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.4867877662181854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4504826068878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.4291468858718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2212640941143036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10297730565071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10043331980705261}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7996268272399902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99591008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37477","display_name":"Fog","level":2,"score":0.7294802665710449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6979566216468811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6891963481903076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6803333759307861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6097926497459412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986652147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21809931","display_name":"Fog computing","level":3,"score":0.5048425793647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.4867877662181854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4504826068878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.4291468858718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2212640941143036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10297730565071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10043331980705261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwcmc48107.2020.9148401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc48107.2020.9148401","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1926090661","https://openalex.org/W2005422367","https://openalex.org/W2080046268","https://openalex.org/W2141144605","https://openalex.org/W2150339816","https://openalex.org/W2313915067","https://openalex.org/W2606775912","https://openalex.org/W2746390786","https://openalex.org/W2809963016","https://openalex.org/W2938321354","https://openalex.org/W2971239154","https://openalex.org/W2997287884","https://openalex.org/W2997577891","https://openalex.org/W6698775574","https://openalex.org/W6736135142","https://openalex.org/W6772423727"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2897986445","https://openalex.org/W2742035545","https://openalex.org/W3011255963","https://openalex.org/W2947930479","https://openalex.org/W3027367363","https://openalex.org/W2912586904","https://openalex.org/W2807983464","https://openalex.org/W4283722739","https://openalex.org/W3191290238","https://openalex.org/W2761299716"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Several":[0],"studies":[1],"leverage":[2],"fog":[3,28,31,115],"computing":[4,25],"as":[5,163],"a":[6,68,124,197,207],"solution":[7,70],"to":[8,71,84,166],"overcome":[9],"cloud":[10],"delays,":[11],"including":[12],"computation,":[13],"network,":[14],"and":[15,48,52,58,110,137,210],"data":[16],"storage.":[17],"Along":[18],"with":[19,95],"the":[20,43,64,78,90,99,107,139,152,178,186,201,211],"increase":[21],"in":[22,27,82,105,120,154,213],"demands":[23,205],"for":[24],"resources":[26,75,155],"infrastructures,":[29],"heterogeneous":[30,46],"devices":[32],"are":[33,192],"used":[34],"towards":[35],"forming":[36],"highly":[37],"available":[38],"clusters.":[39],"Existing":[40],"approaches":[41],"support":[42],"use":[44],"of":[45,54,63,89,141,159,180,203,206],"fogs":[47,94],"enable":[49],"dynamic":[50],"updates":[51],"management":[53],"services":[55],"through":[56,194],"containerization":[57],"orchestration":[59],"technologies.":[60],"However,":[61],"none":[62],"existing":[65],"works":[66],"proposed":[67],"proactive":[69],"horizontally":[72,129],"scale":[73],"these":[74],"based":[76,145],"on":[77,86,93,98,114,146],"IoT":[79],"workload":[80],"fluctuations,":[81],"addition":[83],"deciding":[85],"proper":[87],"placement":[88,140],"scaled":[91],"instances":[92,132,144],"minimal":[96],"cost":[97,148],"fly.":[100],"An":[101],"effective":[102],"scaling":[103],"results":[104,191],"improving":[106],"response":[108],"time":[109],"avoid":[111],"service":[112,209],"instability":[113],"devices.":[116],"Therefore,":[117],"we":[118,176],"propose":[119],"this":[121,174],"work":[122],"FScaler,":[123],"reinforcement":[125],"learning":[126],"agent":[127],"that":[128],"scales":[130],"container's":[131],"after":[133,150],"studying":[134,151],"user's":[135,204],"demands,":[136],"schedules":[138],"newly":[142],"created":[143],"defined":[147],"functions":[149],"change":[153,212],"availability.":[156],"The":[157],"environment":[158],"FScaler":[160],"is":[161],"modeled":[162],"an":[164],"MDP":[165,182],"be":[167],"solved":[168],"by":[169,184],"any":[170],"RL":[171],"algorithm.":[172],"For":[173],"work,":[175],"study":[177],"efficiency":[179],"our":[181],"formulation":[183],"solving":[185],"problem":[187],"using":[188,196],"SARSA.":[189],"Promising":[190],"shown":[193],"testing":[195],"real-life":[198],"dataset":[199],"presenting":[200],"variation":[202],"particular":[208],"resource":[214],"availability":[215],"over":[216],"time.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-20T06:14:18.993340","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}