{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7137305542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc60802.2025.11423568","title":"Towards Human-Centric Autonomous Driving: A Fast-Slow Architecture Integrating Large Language Model Guidance with Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Towards Human-Centric Autonomous Driving: A Fast-Slow Architecture Integrating Large Language Model Guidance with Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7137305542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc60802.2025.11423568"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc60802.2025.11423568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc60802.2025.11423568","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 28th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111339820","display_name":"Chengkai Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chengkai Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Transportation, Tongji University,Shanghai,China,201804"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Transportation, Tongji University,Shanghai,China,201804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028854703","display_name":"Jiaqi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6171-6155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Transportation, Tongji University,Shanghai,China,201804"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Transportation, Tongji University,Shanghai,China,201804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101081602","display_name":"Yicheng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7238-8254"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yicheng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Transportation, Tongji University,Shanghai,China,201804"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Transportation, Tongji University,Shanghai,China,201804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124882301","display_name":"Yuhang Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Transportation, Tongji University,Shanghai,China,201804"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Transportation, Tongji University,Shanghai,China,201804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055911707","display_name":"Peng Hang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5843-0594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Hang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Transportation, Tongji University,Shanghai,China,201804"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Transportation, Tongji University,Shanghai,China,201804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100701131","display_name":"Jian Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9898-3129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Transportation, Tongji University,Shanghai,China,201804"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Transportation, Tongji University,Shanghai,China,201804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111339820"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76278888,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1020","last_page":"1027"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.1858000010251999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.1858000010251999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.093299999833107,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.06620000302791595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4361000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.27959999442100525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6481999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4361000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc60802.2025.11423568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc60802.2025.11423568","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 28th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2884001105","https://openalex.org/W2938321354","https://openalex.org/W3044015199","https://openalex.org/W3096071185","https://openalex.org/W3127561923","https://openalex.org/W3205321526","https://openalex.org/W4213440380","https://openalex.org/W4286253093","https://openalex.org/W4312550876","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385477673","https://openalex.org/W4393170812","https://openalex.org/W4394862611","https://openalex.org/W4394862623","https://openalex.org/W4395028520","https://openalex.org/W4396982312","https://openalex.org/W4398194910","https://openalex.org/W4401109681","https://openalex.org/W4401386967","https://openalex.org/W4403390366","https://openalex.org/W4406258377","https://openalex.org/W4408399515","https://openalex.org/W4415795511","https://openalex.org/W7133224126"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"driving":[1,118,141,183],"has":[2],"made":[3],"significant":[4],"strides":[5],"through":[6],"data-driven":[7],"techniques,":[8],"achieving":[9,149],"robust":[10,111],"performance":[11],"in":[12,184],"standardized":[13],"tasks.":[14],"However,":[15],"existing":[16],"methods":[17],"frequently":[18],"overlook":[19],"user-specific":[20],"preferences,":[21,147],"offering":[22],"limited":[23],"scope":[24],"for":[25,48,58,180],"interaction":[26],"and":[27,161,176],"adaptation":[28],"with":[29,52,145,164],"users.":[30],"To":[31],"address":[32],"these":[33],"challenges,":[34],"we":[35],"propose":[36],"a":[37,43,53,150],"\u201cfast-slow\u201d":[38],"decision-making":[39],"framework":[40,104,168],"that":[41],"integrates":[42],"Large":[44],"Language":[45],"Model":[46],"(LLM)":[47],"highlevel":[49],"instruction":[50],"parsing":[51],"Reinforcement":[54],"Learning":[55],"(RL)":[56],"agent":[57,82],"low-level":[59],"real-time":[60,165],"decision.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63],"dual":[64],"system,":[65],"the":[66,70,80,85,121,130,158,170,177],"LLM":[67],"operates":[68],"as":[69,84],"\u201cslow\u201d":[71],"module,":[72,87],"translating":[73],"user":[74,146,155],"directives":[75],"into":[76],"structured":[77],"guidance,":[78],"while":[79,109],"RL":[81],"functions":[83],"\u201cfast\u201d":[86],"making":[88,99],"time-critical":[89],"maneuvers":[90],"under":[91],"stringent":[92],"latency":[93],"constraints.":[94],"By":[95,153],"decoupling":[96],"high-level":[97],"decision":[98,159],"from":[100],"rapid":[101],"control,":[102,166],"our":[103,124,167],"enables":[105],"personalized":[106],"user-centric":[107],"operation":[108],"maintaining":[110],"safety":[112],"margins.":[113],"Experimental":[114],"evaluations":[115],"across":[116],"various":[117],"scenarios":[119],"demonstrate":[120],"effectiveness":[122],"of":[123],"method.":[125],"Compared":[126],"to":[127],"baseline":[128],"algorithms,":[129],"proposed":[131],"architecture":[132],"not":[133],"only":[134],"reduces":[135],"collision":[136],"rates":[137],"but":[138],"also":[139],"aligns":[140],"behaviors":[142],"more":[143],"closely":[144],"thereby":[148],"human-centric":[151],"mode.":[152],"integrating":[154],"guidance":[156],"at":[157],"level":[160],"refining":[162],"it":[163],"bridges":[169],"gap":[171],"between":[172],"individual":[173],"passenger":[174],"needs":[175],"rigor":[178],"required":[179],"safe,":[181],"reliable":[182],"complex":[185],"traffic":[186],"environments.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T06:27:02.140700","created_date":"2026-03-17T00:00:00"}