{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413755308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130202","title":"Automating Versatile Time-Series Analysis with Tiny Transformers on Embedded FPGAs","display_name":"Automating Versatile Time-Series Analysis with Tiny Transformers on Embedded FPGAs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413755308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130202"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130202","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130202","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.17662","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050954473","display_name":"Tianheng Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4603-8576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145666","display_name":"Embedded Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04742eh45","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tianheng Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Duisburg-Essen,Department of Intelligent Embedded Systems"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Duisburg-Essen,Department of Intelligent Embedded Systems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666","https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001344682","display_name":"Chao Qian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145666","display_name":"Embedded Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04742eh45","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Duisburg-Essen,Department of Intelligent Embedded Systems"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Duisburg-Essen,Department of Intelligent Embedded Systems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666","https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119450549","display_name":"Lukas Johannes Ha\u00dfler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145666","display_name":"Embedded Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04742eh45","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Johannes Ha\u00dfler","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Duisburg-Essen,Department of Intelligent Embedded Systems"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Duisburg-Essen,Department of Intelligent Embedded Systems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666","https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028943371","display_name":"Gregor Schiele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4266-4828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145666","display_name":"Embedded Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04742eh45","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregor Schiele","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Duisburg-Essen,Department of Intelligent Embedded Systems"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Duisburg-Essen,Department of Intelligent Embedded Systems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666","https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050954473"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666","https://openalex.org/I62318514"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.9812,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.980912,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.964900016784668,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9071000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7032430171966553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6339681148529053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5719281435012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.49091893434524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.43255817890167236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23520413041114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.21655550599098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.10515117645263672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7032430171966553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6339681148529053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5719281435012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.49091893434524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.43255817890167236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23520413041114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.21655550599098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.10515117645263672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130202","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130202","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.17662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.17662","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.17662","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bibliographie.ub.uni-due.de:ubo_mods_00235570","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISVLSI65124.2025.11130202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055102","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsbibliographie, Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Buchaufsatz/Kapitel"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.17662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.17662","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.17662","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413755308.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413755308.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2111241003","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2096844293","https://openalex.org/W2363944576","https://openalex.org/W2351041855","https://openalex.org/W2570254841"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transformer-based":[0],"models":[1],"have":[2],"shown":[3],"strong":[4],"performance":[5],"across":[6,103,141],"diverse":[7],"time-series":[8,69,106],"tasks,":[9],"but":[10],"their":[11],"deployment":[12,87,175],"on":[13,73,92,137,167,177],"resource-constrained":[14],"devices":[15],"remains":[16],"challenging":[17],"due":[18],"to":[19,43,118],"high":[20],"memory":[21],"and":[22,41,60,84,110,126],"computational":[23],"demand.":[24],"While":[25],"prior":[26],"work":[27],"targeting":[28],"Microcontroller":[29],"Units":[30],"(MCUs)":[31],"has":[32],"explored":[33],"hardwarespecific":[34],"optimizations,":[35],"such":[36],"approaches":[37],"are":[38],"often":[39],"task-specific":[40,153],"limited":[42],"8-bit":[44],"fixed-point":[45],"precision.":[46],"Field-Programmable":[47],"Gate":[48],"Arrays":[49],"(FPGAs)":[50],"offer":[51],"greater":[52],"flexibility,":[53],"enabling":[54],"finegrained":[55],"control":[56],"over":[57],"data":[58],"precision":[59],"architecture.":[61],"However,":[62],"existing":[63],"FPGA-based":[64],"deployments":[65],"of":[66],"Transformers":[67,91],"for":[68,89,130],"analysis":[70],"typically":[71],"focus":[72],"high-density":[74],"platforms":[75],"with":[76,164],"manual":[77],"configuration.":[78],"This":[79],"paper":[80],"presents":[81],"a":[82,98],"unified":[83],"fully":[85],"automated":[86],"framework":[88,96,136,150],"Tiny":[90],"embedded":[93,143],"FPGAs.":[94],"Our":[95],"supports":[97],"compact":[99],"encoderonly":[100],"Transformer":[101,154],"architecture":[102],"three":[104],"representative":[105],"tasks":[107],"(forecasting,":[108],"classification,":[109],"anomaly":[111],"detection).":[112],"It":[113],"combines":[114],"quantization-aware":[115],"training":[116],"(down":[117],"4":[119],"bits),":[120],"hardwareaware":[121],"hyperparameter":[122],"search":[123],"using":[124],"Optuna,":[125],"automatic":[127],"VHDL":[128],"generation":[129],"seamless":[131],"deployment.":[132],"We":[133],"evaluate":[134],"our":[135,149],"six":[138],"public":[139],"datasets":[140],"two":[142],"FPGA":[144],"platforms.":[145],"Results":[146],"show":[147],"that":[148],"produces":[151],"integeronly,":[152],"accelerators":[155],"achieving":[156],"as":[157,159],"low":[158],"0.033":[160],"mJ":[161],"per":[162],"inference":[163],"millisecond":[165],"latency":[166],"AMD":[168],"Spartan-7,":[169],"while":[170],"also":[171],"providing":[172],"insights":[173],"into":[174],"feasibility":[176],"Lattice":[178],"iCE40.":[179],"All":[180],"source":[181],"code":[182],"will":[183],"be":[184],"released":[185],"at:":[186],"https://github.com/tianheng-ling/TinyTransformer4TS.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}