{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2127006585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ismar.2007.4538841","title":"A Method for Predicting Marker Tracking Error","display_name":"A Method for Predicting Marker Tracking Error","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2127006585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ismar.2007.4538841","mag":"2127006585"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ismar.2007.4538841","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ismar.2007.4538841","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2007 6th IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/16792/1/16792.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055274264","display_name":"Russell Freeman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Russell M. Freeman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, UK","University College London. e-mail: r.freeman@cs.ucl.ac.uk"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London. e-mail: r.freeman@cs.ucl.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049634973","display_name":"Simon Julier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4380-137X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon J. Julier","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, UK","University College London. e-mail: s.julier@cs.ucl.ac.uk"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London. e-mail: s.julier@cs.ucl.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071447827","display_name":"Anthony Steed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9034-3020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony J. Steed","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, UK","University College London. e-mail: a.steed@cs.ucl.ac.uk#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London. e-mail: a.steed@cs.ucl.ac.uk#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055274264"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":28.2916,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99115466,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"157","last_page":"160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7056107521057129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6848183870315552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.6832671761512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6736023426055908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.654162585735321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5942332744598389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.5151606798171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.49573764204978943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photogrammetry","display_name":"Photogrammetry","score":0.4772636592388153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3410467207431793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.21505826711654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2103579342365265}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7056107521057129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6848183870315552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.6832671761512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6736023426055908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.654162585735321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5942332744598389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5151606798171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.49573764204978943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117455697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190149","display_name":"Photogrammetry","level":2,"score":0.4772636592388153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3410467207431793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.21505826711654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2103579342365265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ismar.2007.4538841","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ismar.2007.4538841","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2007 6th IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:16792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/16792/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/16792/1/16792.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"     In:    (pp. pp. 157-160).   (2007)     ","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.566.850","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.566.850","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/16792/1/16792.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:16792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/16792/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/16792/1/16792.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"     In:    (pp. pp. 157-160).   (2007)     ","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2127006585.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1662668955","https://openalex.org/W1966270625","https://openalex.org/W1994132489","https://openalex.org/W2009151941","https://openalex.org/W2098305758","https://openalex.org/W2121754060","https://openalex.org/W2122142106","https://openalex.org/W2123487311","https://openalex.org/W2124046360","https://openalex.org/W2132690331","https://openalex.org/W2137533908","https://openalex.org/W2162087199","https://openalex.org/W2163197842","https://openalex.org/W2164139712","https://openalex.org/W4240037901"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2365572566","https://openalex.org/W2394068580","https://openalex.org/W2525880111","https://openalex.org/W2172197285","https://openalex.org/W2369515111","https://openalex.org/W2051732542","https://openalex.org/W1902541973","https://openalex.org/W2991048842","https://openalex.org/W2750280393","https://openalex.org/W2355696739"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"augmented":[1,123],"reality":[2,124],"(AR)":[3],"applications":[4],"use":[5],"marker-based":[6],"vision":[7],"tracking":[8],"systems":[9,25,42],"to":[10,47,121],"recover":[11],"camera":[12,86],"pose":[13,34],"by":[14],"detecting":[15],"one":[16],"or":[17,52],"more":[18],"planar":[19],"landmarks.":[20],"However,":[21],"most":[22],"of":[23,32,40,71,102],"these":[24,41,72],"do":[26],"not":[27],"interactively":[28],"quantify":[29],"the":[30,33,38,82,100,110,117,122],"accuracy":[31,39],"they":[35],"calculate.":[36],"Instead,":[37],"is":[43,119],"either":[44],"ignored,":[45],"assumed":[46],"be":[48],"a":[49,65],"fixed":[50],"value,":[51],"determined":[53],"using":[54,132],"error":[55,105],"tables":[56],"(constructed":[57],"in":[58,106],"an":[59,96],"off-line":[60,134],"ground-truthed":[61],"process)":[62],"along":[63],"with":[64],"run-time":[66],"interpolation":[67],"scheme.":[68],"The":[69,128],"validity":[70],"approaches":[73],"are":[74,78,130],"questionable":[75],"as":[76],"errors":[77],"strongly":[79],"dependent":[80],"on":[81,109],"intrinsic":[83],"and":[84,88],"extrinsic":[85],"parameters":[87],"scene":[89],"geometry.":[90],"In":[91],"this":[92],"paper":[93],"we":[94],"present":[95],"algorithm":[97,118],"for":[98],"predicting":[99],"statistics":[101],"marker":[103],"tracker":[104],"real-time.":[107],"Based":[108],"scaled":[111],"spherical":[112],"simplex":[113],"unscented":[114],"transform":[115],"(SSSUT),":[116],"applied":[120],"toolkit":[125],"plus":[126],"(ARToolKitPlus).":[127],"results":[129],"validated":[131],"precision":[133],"photogrammetric":[135],"techniques.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}