{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2978697470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iolts.2019.8854386","title":"Modern Hardware Margins: CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs Recent System-Level Studies","display_name":"Modern Hardware Margins: CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs Recent System-Level Studies","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2978697470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iolts.2019.8854386","mag":"2978697470"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iolts.2019.8854386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iolts.2019.8854386","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 25th International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design (IOLTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007119083","display_name":"Dimitris Gizopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1613-9061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dimitris Gizopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Athens"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Athens","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036767968","display_name":"George N. Papadimitriou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3772-5019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Papadimitriou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Athens"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Athens","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072708525","display_name":"Athanasios Chatzidimitriou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8161-7165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athanasios Chatzidimitriou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Athens"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Athens","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000635267","display_name":"Vijay Janapa Reddi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5259-7721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vijay Janapa Reddi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026986531","display_name":"Behzad Salami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4043-5044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Behzad Salami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075162875","display_name":"Osman \u00dcnsal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0544-9697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osman S. Unsal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039775042","display_name":"Adri\u00e1n Cristal Kestelman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Cristal Kestelman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003939279","display_name":"Jingwen Leng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5660-5493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799803557","display_name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05sd8tv96","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingwen Leng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona Supercomputing Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848","https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007119083"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8523,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94169058,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"129","last_page":"134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7520995140075684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7409327626228333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-core-processor","display_name":"Multi-core processor","score":0.6217706203460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.6072720289230347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.553695023059845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4780222177505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-reduction","display_name":"Voltage reduction","score":0.42958736419677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.41045209765434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3787945508956909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.36167293787002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3211491107940674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10398781299591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09978815913200378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09932506084442139}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7520995140075684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7409327626228333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78766204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555032","display_name":"Multi-core processor","level":2,"score":0.6217706203460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6072720289230347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.553695023059845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4780222177505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780745134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7940751","display_name":"Voltage reduction","level":3,"score":0.42958736419677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.41045209765434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3787945508956909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.36167293787002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3211491107940674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10398781299591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09978815913200378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09932506084442139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iolts.2019.8854386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iolts.2019.8854386","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 25th International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design (IOLTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972489788","https://openalex.org/W1979527452","https://openalex.org/W1981384041","https://openalex.org/W1985918920","https://openalex.org/W1994172067","https://openalex.org/W2017099699","https://openalex.org/W2023304380","https://openalex.org/W2023571465","https://openalex.org/W2036853599","https://openalex.org/W2056409791","https://openalex.org/W2093043622","https://openalex.org/W2096661534","https://openalex.org/W2098163907","https://openalex.org/W2099919421","https://openalex.org/W2114937530","https://openalex.org/W2130720335","https://openalex.org/W2147042877","https://openalex.org/W2148952606","https://openalex.org/W2156331292","https://openalex.org/W2234633824","https://openalex.org/W2235375535","https://openalex.org/W2624897894","https://openalex.org/W2766888159","https://openalex.org/W2768178439","https://openalex.org/W2789388689","https://openalex.org/W2805763776","https://openalex.org/W2808871811","https://openalex.org/W2883562199","https://openalex.org/W2884273394","https://openalex.org/W2901295171","https://openalex.org/W2903571654","https://openalex.org/W2903626866","https://openalex.org/W2904114140","https://openalex.org/W2904147273","https://openalex.org/W2905500442","https://openalex.org/W2909182842","https://openalex.org/W2922562986","https://openalex.org/W2925904499","https://openalex.org/W2944957546","https://openalex.org/W2952430583","https://openalex.org/W3149198689","https://openalex.org/W4249633267","https://openalex.org/W4287116716","https://openalex.org/W6645784555","https://openalex.org/W6752303580","https://openalex.org/W6797580501"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2488897859","https://openalex.org/W2366027386","https://openalex.org/W164750744","https://openalex.org/W2372170743","https://openalex.org/W3106220299","https://openalex.org/W2365995233","https://openalex.org/W2378666660","https://openalex.org/W1764185321","https://openalex.org/W2593142409","https://openalex.org/W2566975275"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"large-scale":[1,78],"computing":[2,79],"systems":[3],"(data":[4],"centers,":[5],"supercomputers,":[6],"cloud":[7],"and":[8,11,26,71,76,123,156],"edge":[9],"setups":[10],"high-end":[12],"cyber-physical":[13],"systems)":[14],"employ":[15],"heterogeneous":[16],"architectures":[17,34],"that":[18],"consist":[19],"of":[20,32,50,59,66,84,100,108],"multicore":[21,150],"CPUs,":[22,121,151],"general-purpose":[23],"many-core":[24],"GPUs,":[25],"programmable":[27],"FPGAs.":[28,124,159],"The":[29,125],"effective":[30],"utilization":[31],"these":[33],"poses":[35],"several":[36],"challenges,":[37],"among":[38],"which":[39],"a":[40,60,81,106],"primary":[41],"one":[42,49],"is":[43,48],"power":[44,57,142],"consumption.":[45],"Voltage":[46,144],"reduction":[47,88,99,114,145],"the":[51,63,85,101,116,131],"most":[52],"efficient":[53,98],"methods":[54],"to":[55],"reduce":[56],"consumption":[58],"chip.":[61],"With":[62],"galloping":[64],"adoption":[65],"hardware":[67],"accelerators":[68],"(i.e.,":[69],"GPUs":[70,122,155],"FPGAs)":[72],"in":[73,111,137,149,153,158],"large":[74],"datacenters":[75],"other":[77],"infrastructures,":[80],"comprehensive":[82],"evaluation":[83],"safe":[86],"voltage":[87,112,127],"levels":[89],"for":[90,97,119,140],"each":[91],"different":[92],"chip":[93],"can":[94,134,146],"be":[95,135],"employed":[96],"total":[102],"power.":[103],"We":[104],"present":[105],"survey":[107],"recent":[109],"studies":[110],"margins":[113],"at":[115],"system":[117],"level":[118],"modern":[120],"pessimistic":[126],"guardbands":[128],"inserted":[129],"by":[130],"silicon":[132],"vendors":[133],"exploited":[136],"all":[138],"devices":[139],"significant":[141],"savings.":[143],"reach":[147],"12%":[148],"20%":[152],"manycore":[154],"39%":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}