{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3003496775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/indin41052.2019.8972107","title":"On the Security Threat of Abandoned and Zombie Cellular IoT Devices","display_name":"On the Security Threat of Abandoned and Zombie Cellular IoT Devices","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3003496775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/indin41052.2019.8972107","mag":"3003496775"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/indin41052.2019.8972107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/indin41052.2019.8972107","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 17th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103276083","display_name":"G\u00e1bor So\u00f3s","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8691-6989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29770179","display_name":"Budapest University of Technology and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02w42ss30","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29770179"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G\u00e1bor So\u00f3s","raw_affiliation_strings":["Budapest University of Technology and Economics,Dept. of Telecommunications and Media Informatics,Budapest,Hungary","Dept. of Telecommunications and Media Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Budapest University of Technology and Economics,Dept. of Telecommunications and Media Informatics,Budapest,Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29770179"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Telecommunications and Media Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29770179"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060255046","display_name":"P\u00e1l Varga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8475-3610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29770179","display_name":"Budapest University of Technology and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02w42ss30","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29770179"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P\u00e1l Varga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Budapest University of Technology and Economics,Dept. of Telecommunications and Media Informatics,Budapest,Hungary","Dept. of Telecommunications and Media Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Budapest University of Technology and Economics,Dept. of Telecommunications and Media Informatics,Budapest,Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29770179"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Telecommunications and Media Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29770179"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103276083"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29770179"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7074,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74801692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"996","last_page":"1001"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6586883068084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zombie","display_name":"Zombie","score":0.6314793825149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.6154485940933228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5785988569259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5512203574180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.5265054106712341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5264647603034973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5127185583114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.5031589865684509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.23259806632995605}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6586883068084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144446859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219164","display_name":"Zombie","level":2,"score":0.6314793825149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.6154485940933228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5785988569259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5512203574180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.5265054106712341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5264647603034973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5127185583114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5031589865684509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.23259806632995605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/indin41052.2019.8972107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/indin41052.2019.8972107","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 17th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524119766","https://openalex.org/W2095788961","https://openalex.org/W2149678949","https://openalex.org/W2184306774","https://openalex.org/W2524243534","https://openalex.org/W2564253743","https://openalex.org/W2740528846","https://openalex.org/W2890607272","https://openalex.org/W4230524880","https://openalex.org/W6631261050","https://openalex.org/W6754581946"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3211952845","https://openalex.org/W3187978971","https://openalex.org/W459167536","https://openalex.org/W4380874517","https://openalex.org/W4287028859","https://openalex.org/W4213192136","https://openalex.org/W2898750407","https://openalex.org/W2892062002","https://openalex.org/W2623226577","https://openalex.org/W4318711621"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,44],"number":[1,45],"of":[2,20,27,32,39,46,57,59,121],"network-connected":[3],"devices":[4,22,50],"increased":[5],"exponentially":[6],"at":[7],"least":[8],"during":[9],"the":[10,15,30,37,92,104,119,147,166,171],"last":[11],"two":[12],"decades.":[13],"Although":[14],"robustness":[16],"and":[17,71,98,130,141,158],"long-term":[18],"stability":[19],"these":[21],"are":[23,135],"relatively":[24],"high,":[25],"many":[26],"them":[28,176],"outlast":[29],"purpose":[31],"their":[33,163],"installation,":[34],"sometimes":[35],"even":[36],"life-cycle":[38,109],"its":[40],"serving":[41],"connection":[42],"technology.":[43],"long-living,":[47],"radio-transmitting,":[48],"abandoned":[49],"keeps":[51],"increasing,":[52],"especially":[53],"with":[54],"new":[55],"deployments":[56],"Internet":[58],"Things":[60],"(IoT)":[61],"endpoints.":[62],"Such":[63],"equipment":[64],"occupy":[65],"radio":[66,73,178],"resources":[67,79],"in":[68,80,103,114,170],"both":[69],"licensed":[70],"public":[72],"bands;":[74],"moreover,":[75],"they":[76],"seize":[77],"processing":[78],"networking":[81],"equipment.":[82],"This":[83,116],"worrying":[84],"situation":[85],"should":[86,111],"be":[87,112],"taken":[88],"care":[89],"of.":[90],"In":[91],"short":[93],"term":[94],"we":[95],"can":[96],"identify":[97,152],"ban":[99],"such":[100],"devices,":[101,157],"but":[102],"long":[105],"term,":[106],"proper,":[107],"standardized":[108],"management":[110],"put":[113],"place.":[115],"paper":[117,148],"demonstrates":[118],"manifestation":[120],"this":[122],"problem":[123],"on":[124,161],"3GPP-based":[125],"cellular":[126,172],"networks":[127],"(3G,":[128],"4G,":[129],"5G),":[131],"although":[132],"similar":[133],"issues":[134],"threatening":[136],"for":[137],"WiFi,":[138],"Bluetooth,":[139],"ZigBee":[140],"LoRaWAN":[142],"technologies,":[143],"as":[144],"well.":[145],"Furthermore,":[146],"presents":[149],"methods":[150,160],"to":[151,165],"abandoned,":[153],"non-operated":[154],"or":[155,168],"zombie":[156],"proposes":[159],"refusing":[162],"access":[164],"network,":[167],"-":[169,174],"case":[173],"forcing":[175],"into":[177],"silence.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
