{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1509923979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2007.4371111","title":"Compact hardware for real-time speech recognition using a Liquid State Machine","display_name":"Compact hardware for real-time speech recognition using a Liquid State Machine","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1509923979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2007.4371111","mag":"1509923979"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2007.4371111","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2007.4371111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195743","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks/IEEE ... International Conference on Neural Networks","issn_l":"1098-7576","issn":["1098-7576","1558-3902"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2007 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/750638/file/830675.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066537128","display_name":"Benjamin Schrauwen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Schrauwen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Information Systems Department, Ghent University, Belgium","[Ghent Univ., Ghent]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Information Systems Department, Ghent University, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Ghent Univ., Ghent]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068368941","display_name":"Michiel D\u2019Haene","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michiel D'Haene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Information Systems Department, Ghent University, Belgium","[Ghent Univ., Ghent]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Information Systems Department, Ghent University, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Ghent Univ., Ghent]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108198062","display_name":"David Verstraeten","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Verstraeten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Information Systems Department, Ghent University, Belgium","[Ghent Univ., Ghent]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Information Systems Department, Ghent University, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Ghent Univ., Ghent]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048590409","display_name":"Jan Van Campenhout","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-1442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Van Campenhout","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Information Systems Department, Ghent University, Belgium","[Ghent Univ., Ghent]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Information Systems Department, Ghent University, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Ghent Univ., Ghent]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066537128"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3617,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93874232,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1097","last_page":"1102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7907854318618774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6476060748100281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.6178560853004456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6088350415229797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.5743668079376221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.45370975136756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.44838404655456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4227559566497803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.41305816173553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.3754602372646332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28019440174102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08678150177001953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7907854318618774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6476060748100281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.6178560853004456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6088350415229797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5743668079376221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.45370975136756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.44838404655456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4227559566497803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.41305816173553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.3754602372646332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28019440174102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08678150177001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2007.4371111","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2007.4371111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195743","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks/IEEE ... International Conference on Neural Networks","issn_l":"1098-7576","issn":["1098-7576","1558-3902"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2007 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:750638","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-750638","pdf_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/750638/file/830675.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISBN: 978-1-4244-1379-9","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.69.1950","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.69.1950","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://escher.elis.ugent.be/publ/Edocs/DOC/P107_150.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:750638","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-750638","pdf_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/750638/file/830675.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISBN: 978-1-4244-1379-9","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1509923979.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W101771737","https://openalex.org/W149476583","https://openalex.org/W1480485976","https://openalex.org/W1589225173","https://openalex.org/W1616125445","https://openalex.org/W1884959207","https://openalex.org/W1970879758","https://openalex.org/W1986964674","https://openalex.org/W2006370340","https://openalex.org/W2014957672","https://openalex.org/W2016332144","https://openalex.org/W2058005833","https://openalex.org/W2103179919","https://openalex.org/W2104206417","https://openalex.org/W2105580042","https://openalex.org/W2118706537","https://openalex.org/W2150276536","https://openalex.org/W2155360894","https://openalex.org/W2155757660","https://openalex.org/W2156300345","https://openalex.org/W2164891816","https://openalex.org/W2168455113","https://openalex.org/W2169074879","https://openalex.org/W2296517718","https://openalex.org/W2569813014","https://openalex.org/W3155801056","https://openalex.org/W4247766371","https://openalex.org/W6606032956","https://openalex.org/W6682461173","https://openalex.org/W6682695750","https://openalex.org/W6684513674","https://openalex.org/W6684738955","https://openalex.org/W6794361930"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967938402","https://openalex.org/W2386041993","https://openalex.org/W1608572506","https://openalex.org/W2160474882","https://openalex.org/W2403181385","https://openalex.org/W4214838687","https://openalex.org/W2518118925","https://openalex.org/W4213353724","https://openalex.org/W3159273459","https://openalex.org/W4389387102"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hardware":[0],"implementations":[1],"of":[2,51,95,119,133],"Spiking":[3,120],"Neural":[4,121],"Networks":[5],"are":[6,10],"numerous":[7],"because":[8],"they":[9,69],"well":[11],"suited":[12],"for":[13,79,104],"implementation":[14,94],"in":[15],"digital":[16,31],"and":[17,20,75],"analog":[18],"hardware,":[19],"outperform":[21],"classic":[22],"neural":[23,49,97],"networks.":[24],"This":[25,107],"work":[26,108],"presents":[27],"an":[28],"application":[29],"driven":[30],"hardware":[32,66,116,123],"exploration":[33],"where":[34,54],"we":[35,62,83],"implement":[36],"realtime,":[37],"isolated":[38],"digit":[39],"speech":[40],"recognition":[41],"using":[42],"a":[43,85,91,114],"Liquid":[44],"State":[45],"Machine":[46],"(a":[47],"recurrent":[48],"network":[50],"spiking":[52,96],"neurons":[53],"only":[55,130],"the":[56],"output":[57],"layer":[58],"is":[59,100,112],"trained).":[60],"First":[61],"test":[63],"two":[64],"existing":[65],"architectures,":[67],"but":[68],"appear":[70],"to":[71],"be":[72,126],"too":[73],"fast":[74,102],"thus":[76],"area":[77],"consuming":[78],"this":[80],"application.":[81],"Then":[82],"present":[84],"scalable,":[86],"serialised":[87],"architecture":[88],"that":[89,99,110,124],"allows":[90],"very":[92],"compact":[93],"networks":[98],"still":[101],"enough":[103],"real-time":[105],"processing.":[106],"shows":[109],"there":[111],"actually":[113],"large":[115],"design":[117],"space":[118],"Network":[122],"can":[125],"explored.":[127],"Existing":[128],"architectures":[129],"spanned":[131],"part":[132],"it.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
