{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415746268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsme64153.2025.00104","title":"XTestGen: Natural Language to Maintainable E2E Test Scripts with LLMs","display_name":"XTestGen: Natural Language to Maintainable E2E Test Scripts with LLMs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415746268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsme64153.2025.00104"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icsme64153.2025.00104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsme64153.2025.00104","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019645152","display_name":"Hiroyuki Kirinuki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251713219","display_name":"NTT (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/00berct97","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hiroyuki Kirinuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["NTT, Inc.,Computer and Data Science Labs.,Tokyo,Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NTT, Inc.,Computer and Data Science Labs.,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109375695","display_name":"Masaki Tajima","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251713219","display_name":"NTT (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/00berct97","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masaki Tajima","raw_affiliation_strings":["NTT, Inc.,Computer and Data Science Labs.,Tokyo,Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NTT, Inc.,Computer and Data Science Labs.,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031884440","display_name":"Kei Wakabayashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6898-4833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251713219","display_name":"NTT (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/00berct97","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kei Wakabayashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["NTT, Inc.,Computer and Data Science Labs.,Tokyo,Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NTT, Inc.,Computer and Data Science Labs.,Tokyo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019645152"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34722801,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"905","last_page":"909"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9024999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9024999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.023800000548362732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.00860000029206276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/javascript","display_name":"JavaScript","score":0.6553999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.6516000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-site-scripting","display_name":"Cross-site scripting","score":0.6101999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maintainability","display_name":"Maintainability","score":0.42340001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.4165000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4023999869823456}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7682999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544833334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005","display_name":"JavaScript","level":2,"score":0.6553999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.6516000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39569185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371199","display_name":"Cross-site scripting","level":5,"score":0.6101999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4643000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160713754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1389965","display_name":"Maintainability","level":2,"score":0.42340001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.4165000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4023999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21959979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36774","display_name":"Web page","level":2,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42989059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978626","display_name":"Web testing","level":5,"score":0.3546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195274430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1650567","display_name":"Client-side scripting","level":5,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109086967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2509100","display_name":"Test script","level":4,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138708601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8811","display_name":"HTML","level":3,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182321512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153289","display_name":"Web standards","level":3,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130436687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978591","display_name":"Web modeling","level":3,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icsme64153.2025.00104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsme64153.2025.00104","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403333948","https://openalex.org/W4405602351","https://openalex.org/W4411523046"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,31,45,95,112,119],"web":[3,9,50,97],"agent":[4],"technologies":[5,18],"have":[6],"enabled":[7],"automated":[8],"browser":[10],"operations":[11],"through":[12,83],"natural":[13,72],"language":[14],"instructions.":[15],"While":[16],"these":[17,57],"show":[19],"promise":[20],"for":[21],"end-to-end":[22],"test":[23,32,65,113],"automation,":[24],"significant":[25],"challenges":[26],"remain,":[27],"such":[28],"as":[29,49],"uncertainty":[30],"execution":[33,38],"due":[34],"to":[35],"LLMs,":[36],"increased":[37],"time":[39],"and":[40,42,67,87,90,110,115],"cost,":[41],"decreased":[43],"accuracy":[44,94,118],"identifying":[46],"operation":[47],"targets":[48],"pages":[51,98],"become":[52],"more":[53],"complex.":[54],"To":[55],"address":[56],"challenges,":[58],"we":[59],"propose":[60],"XTestGen,":[61],"which":[62],"generates":[63],"Gherkinformat":[64],"cases":[66],"JavaScript":[68],"step":[69,85],"definitions":[70],"from":[71],"language.":[73],"XTestGen":[74,107],"improves":[75],"reproducibility":[76],"by":[77],"producing":[78],"deterministic":[79],"scripts,":[80],"enhances":[81],"maintainability":[82],"modular":[84],"reuse":[86,111],"scenario":[88],"abstraction,":[89],"increases":[91],"element":[92,120],"identification":[93,121],"complex":[96],"using":[99],"hierarchical":[100],"tree":[101],"exploration.":[102],"Our":[103],"evaluation":[104],"shows":[105],"that":[106],"enables":[108],"abstraction":[109],"generation":[114],"achieves":[116],"higher":[117],"than":[122],"naive":[123],"approaches.":[124],"A":[125],"demonstration":[126],"video":[127],"is":[128],"available":[129],"at:":[130],"https://youtu.be/sQmsNCPGtPo":[131]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-31T00:00:00"}