{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139752261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2002.1047431","title":"Color-based face detection using skin locus model and hierarchical filtering","display_name":"Color-based face detection using skin locus model and hierarchical filtering","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139752261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2002.1047431","mag":"2139752261"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2002.1047431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2002.1047431","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Object recognition supported by user interaction for service robots","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013928164","display_name":"Abdenour Hadid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9092-735X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Hadid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Vision Group Infotech Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland","Machine Vision Group, Oulu Univ., Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Vision Group Infotech Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Vision Group, Oulu Univ., Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014611768","display_name":"Matti Pietik\u00e4inen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2263-6731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Pietikainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Vision Group Infotech Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland","Machine Vision Group, Oulu Univ., Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Vision Group Infotech Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Vision Group, Oulu Univ., Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112886539","display_name":"Birgitta Martinkauppi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-6284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Martinkauppi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Vision Group Infotech Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland","Machine Vision Group, Oulu Univ., Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Vision Group Infotech Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Vision Group, Oulu Univ., Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013928164"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3459,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82667193,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"196","last_page":"200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.809623122215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7126914858818054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.6858730316162109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.6305220723152161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6291791200637817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5840596556663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-color","display_name":"Skin color","score":0.5421420335769653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49066269397735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4464060962200165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.43753668665885925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3113274872303009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.2802426815032959}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.809623122215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7126914858818054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6858730316162109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.6305220723152161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6291791200637817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5840596556663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019497199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853516","display_name":"Skin color","level":2,"score":0.5421420335769653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49066269397735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4464060962200165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.43753668665885925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3113274872303009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.2802426815032959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2002.1047431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2002.1047431","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Object recognition supported by user interaction for service robots","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.108.5861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.108.5861","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ee.oulu.fi/mvg/files/pdf/pdf_316.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975376577","https://openalex.org/W2096133321","https://openalex.org/W2116570754","https://openalex.org/W2119374145","https://openalex.org/W2121601095","https://openalex.org/W2153493250","https://openalex.org/W2167667885"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2365682908","https://openalex.org/W2382580406","https://openalex.org/W2390561056","https://openalex.org/W2793001663","https://openalex.org/W2009299471","https://openalex.org/W2898227440","https://openalex.org/W1997839683","https://openalex.org/W2369885199","https://openalex.org/W3069336864","https://openalex.org/W2385109830"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduces":[0],"an":[1],"architecture":[2],"for":[3],"face":[4],"detection":[5,63],"in":[6],"color":[7],"images.":[8],"Based":[9],"on":[10,66,89],"skin":[11,71,74],"locus":[12],"and":[13,37,48,87,106,123,131],"successive":[14],"detectors,":[15],"the":[16,33,41,81],"method":[17],"allows":[18],"high":[19],"efficiency,":[20],"under":[21],"drastically":[22],"varying":[23],"illumination":[24],"conditions.":[25],"While":[26],"most":[27],"color-based":[28],"approaches":[29],"work":[30],"only":[31,110],"if":[32,40],"camera":[34],"was":[35],"calibrated":[36],"detect":[38,121],"faces":[39,53,122],"features":[42,57],"(eyes,":[43],"mouth,":[44],"eyebrows...)":[45],"are":[46,58,113],"visible":[47],"detectable,":[49],"our":[50,118],"system":[51,119],"detects":[52],"even":[54],"when":[55],"these":[56],"not":[59],"well":[60],"defined.":[61],"The":[62],"is":[64,77],"based":[65,88],"a":[67,91],"robust":[68],"modeling":[69],"of":[70,93,98,103],"color,":[72],"called":[73],"locus,":[75],"which":[76],"used":[78],"to":[79],"extract":[80],"skin-like":[82],"regions.":[83],"After":[84],"orientation":[85],"normalization":[86],"verifying":[90],"set":[92],"criteria":[94],"(face":[95],"symmetry,":[96],"presence":[97],"some":[99],"facial":[100,111],"features,":[101],"variance":[102],"pixel":[104],"intensities":[105],"connected":[107],"component":[108],"arrangement),":[109],"regions":[112],"selected.":[114],"We":[115],"show":[116],"that":[117],"can":[120],"deal":[124],"with":[125],"different":[126],"conditions":[127],"(size,":[128],"orientation,":[129],"illumination,":[130],"complex":[132],"background).":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
