{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2954810823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpc.2019.00033","title":"Indentation: Simply a Matter of Style or Support for Program Comprehension?","display_name":"Indentation: Simply a Matter of Style or Support for Program Comprehension?","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2954810823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpc.2019.00033","mag":"2954810823"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpc.2019.00033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpc.2019.00033","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/ACM 27th International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021940540","display_name":"Douglas C. Bauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5261-7721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Bauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau","University of Passau, Passau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016750744","display_name":"Janet Siegmund","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janet Siegmund","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau","University of Passau, Passau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003549377","display_name":"Norman Peitek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7828-4558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96578850","display_name":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zwmgk08","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norman Peitek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology","Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96578850"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96578850"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086379448","display_name":"Johannes C. Hofmeister","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes C. Hofmeister","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau","University of Passau, Passau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054951840","display_name":"Sven Apel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-2233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sven Apel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau","University of Passau, Passau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021940540"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4263,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95977683,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"154","last_page":"164"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indentation","display_name":"Indentation","score":0.8240708112716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-comprehension","display_name":"Program comprehension","score":0.6537123918533325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.5918838381767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5163949131965637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.48261508345603943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4614262878894806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/style","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","score":0.45760345458984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replicate","display_name":"Replicate","score":0.41613519191741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3712446093559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-drawing","display_name":"Engineering drawing","score":0.34158143401145935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33409175276756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3244810104370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2574833035469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2571309804916382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1939033567905426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18612325191497803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.1741672158241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.15578177571296692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-arts","display_name":"Visual arts","score":0.14973986148834229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08477610349655151}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780902562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154141","display_name":"Indentation","level":2,"score":0.8240708112716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.6537123918533325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5918838381767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5163949131965637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.48261508345603943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4614262878894806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1792644","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","level":2,"score":0.45760345458984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781162219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26250693","display_name":"Replicate","level":2,"score":0.41613519191741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3712446093559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.34158143401145935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33409175276756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3244810104370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2574833035469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2571309804916382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1939033567905426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18612325191497803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.1741672158241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.15578177571296692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.14973986148834229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08477610349655151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpc.2019.00033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpc.2019.00033","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/ACM 27th International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W782525392","https://openalex.org/W1505648523","https://openalex.org/W1963837508","https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W1969685458","https://openalex.org/W1974758710","https://openalex.org/W1980455221","https://openalex.org/W1981108270","https://openalex.org/W2014232144","https://openalex.org/W2021112555","https://openalex.org/W2034688095","https://openalex.org/W2043662475","https://openalex.org/W2064202467","https://openalex.org/W2072500831","https://openalex.org/W2086160078","https://openalex.org/W2091644699","https://openalex.org/W2102804490","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2113096305","https://openalex.org/W2128966215","https://openalex.org/W2130388803","https://openalex.org/W2133247167","https://openalex.org/W2137816760","https://openalex.org/W2148357053","https://openalex.org/W2150207557","https://openalex.org/W2153076044","https://openalex.org/W2154671002","https://openalex.org/W2157026227","https://openalex.org/W2159739762","https://openalex.org/W2168745915","https://openalex.org/W2400211291","https://openalex.org/W2484238088","https://openalex.org/W2566208852","https://openalex.org/W2741371834","https://openalex.org/W2797177778","https://openalex.org/W3008773848","https://openalex.org/W3015973740","https://openalex.org/W4214843451","https://openalex.org/W4232357746","https://openalex.org/W4239629799","https://openalex.org/W4240402692","https://openalex.org/W4298193390","https://openalex.org/W6679846933","https://openalex.org/W6680244802","https://openalex.org/W6713255207"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2724855087","https://openalex.org/W2886906914","https://openalex.org/W2884362859","https://openalex.org/W1508879959","https://openalex.org/W2123179197","https://openalex.org/W2008149650","https://openalex.org/W1995506819","https://openalex.org/W2110798500","https://openalex.org/W2899084096","https://openalex.org/W4302570658"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"early":[1],"study":[2],"showed":[3],"that":[4,115],"indentation":[5,42,72,117],"is":[6,32,144],"not":[7,111,128],"a":[8,24,145],"matter":[9],"of":[10,27,41,71,83,94,101,132,139],"style,":[11],"but":[12],"provides":[13],"actual":[14],"support":[15],"for":[16,37,149],"program":[17,120],"comprehension.":[18],"In":[19,80],"this":[20,28,153],"paper,":[21],"we":[22,52,59,86,104,126],"present":[23],"non-exact":[25],"replication":[26],"study.":[29],"Our":[30],"aim":[31],"to":[33,64,90],"provide":[34],"empirical":[35],"evidence":[36],"the":[38,55,61,69,81,92,116,130,140],"suggested":[39],"level":[40],"made":[43],"by":[44,76],"many":[45],"style":[46],"guides.":[47],"Following":[48],"Miara":[49,133],"and":[50,58,134],"others,":[51],"also":[53],"included":[54],"perceived":[56],"difficulty,":[57],"extended":[60],"original":[62,141],"design":[63,143],"gain":[65],"additional":[66],"insights":[67],"into":[68],"influence":[70],"on":[73],"visual":[74,123],"effort":[75],"employing":[77],"an":[78],"eye-tracker.":[79],"course":[82],"our":[84,137],"study,":[85],"asked":[87],"22":[88],"participants":[89],"calculate":[91],"output":[93],"Java":[95],"code":[96],"snippets":[97],"with":[98],"different":[99],"levels":[100,118],"indentation,":[102],"while":[103],"recorded":[105],"their":[106],"gaze":[107],"behavior.":[108],"We":[109],"did":[110],"find":[112],"any":[113],"indication":[114],"affect":[119],"comprehension":[121],"or":[122],"effort,":[124],"so":[125],"could":[127],"replicate":[129],"findings":[131],"others.":[135],"Nevertheless,":[136],"modernization":[138],"experiment":[142],"promising":[146],"starting":[147],"point":[148],"future":[150],"studies":[151],"in":[152],"field.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
