{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135696362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iceic51217.2021.9369764","title":"Spatial Frequency Modulation for Display-Camera Communication","display_name":"Spatial Frequency Modulation for Display-Camera Communication","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135696362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iceic51217.2021.9369764","mag":"3135696362"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iceic51217.2021.9369764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iceic51217.2021.9369764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498844","display_name":"2021 International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication (ICEIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication (ICEIC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057055507","display_name":"Seung-Su Ryu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seung-Su Ryu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016440260","display_name":"Kyu\u2010Ho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5049-6727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyu-Ho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064396164","display_name":"Ji-Sang Bae","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji-Sang Bae","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024668714","display_name":"Jong\u2010Ok Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7022-2408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Ok Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057055507"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4327,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37592615,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sharpening","display_name":"Sharpening","score":0.8392783403396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminance","display_name":"Luminance","score":0.805976152420044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7348355650901794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7248181104660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6520166397094727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-cosine-transform","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","score":0.6120589971542358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.5518108010292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flicker","display_name":"Flicker","score":0.5330561399459839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5319996476173401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-frequency","display_name":"Spatial frequency","score":0.5187778472900391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4838598966598511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.42360007762908936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-light-modulator","display_name":"Spatial light modulator","score":0.4183225631713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3673582673072815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.32039299607276917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.18148469924926758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1357470452785492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10970354080200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.10263201594352722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.09814479947090149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08839353919029236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781137444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237105","display_name":"Sharpening","level":2,"score":0.8392783403396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73313986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355386","display_name":"Luminance","level":2,"score":0.805976152420044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7348355650901794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7248181104660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6520166397094727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.6120589971542358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.5518108010292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19743564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25378119","display_name":"Flicker","level":2,"score":0.5330561399459839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5319996476173401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100921725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1650811","display_name":"Spatial frequency","level":2,"score":0.5187778472900391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4838598966598511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.42360007762908936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777903624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477653","display_name":"Spatial light modulator","level":2,"score":0.4183225631713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3673582673072815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.32039299607276917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.18148469924926758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1357470452785492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10970354080200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.10263201594352722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.09814479947090149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08839353919029236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iceic51217.2021.9369764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iceic51217.2021.9369764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498844","display_name":"2021 International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication (ICEIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication (ICEIC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1992025618","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019R1A2C1005834","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966589980","https://openalex.org/W1988885408","https://openalex.org/W1993215931","https://openalex.org/W2037342345","https://openalex.org/W2078753671","https://openalex.org/W2085248118","https://openalex.org/W2152958560","https://openalex.org/W2170808711"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2329932281","https://openalex.org/W64535957","https://openalex.org/W2043790407","https://openalex.org/W2087564795","https://openalex.org/W2348902545","https://openalex.org/W2614118546","https://openalex.org/W2000492862","https://openalex.org/W2041576203","https://openalex.org/W2057068778","https://openalex.org/W2042740253"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Display-camera":[0],"communication":[1,8],"(DCC)":[2],"is":[3,69,80],"one":[4],"of":[5,28,64],"visible":[6],"light":[7],"(VLC)":[9],"techniques":[10],"using":[11],"an":[12,65,83],"LED":[13],"display":[14],"and":[15,74,86,109],"a":[16,45,58],"camera.":[17],"Conventional":[18],"methods":[19],"hide":[20],"data":[21],"bits":[22],"by":[23,60,72],"dynamically":[24],"changing":[25],"luminance":[26,117],"intensity":[27],"image":[29,66,84],"blocks.":[30],"However,":[31],"this":[32,41],"approach":[33],"still":[34],"suffers":[35],"from":[36],"noticeable":[37],"flickering":[38],"artifacts.":[39],"In":[40],"paper,":[42],"we":[43],"proposed":[44,55,103],"novel":[46],"spatial":[47,62],"frequency":[48,63,89],"modulation":[49],"method":[50,56,104],"for":[51],"display-camera":[52],"communication.":[53],"The":[54],"hides":[57],"bit":[59],"modulating":[61],"block,":[67,85],"which":[68],"actually":[70],"implemented":[71],"blurring":[73],"sharpening.":[75],"Discrete":[76],"Cosine":[77],"Transform":[78],"(DCT)":[79],"applied":[81],"to":[82,114],"its":[87],"high":[88],"coefficients":[90],"are":[91],"either":[92],"boosted":[93],"(sharpened)":[94],"or":[95],"zero-padded":[96],"(blurred).":[97],"Experimental":[98],"results":[99],"demonstrate":[100],"that":[101],"the":[102,115],"can":[105],"achieve":[106],"larger":[107],"throughput":[108],"higher":[110],"transmission":[111],"accuracy,":[112],"compared":[113],"existing":[116],"methods.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}