{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134770507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iceic51217.2021.9369754","title":"Time to Leak: Cross-Device Timing Attack On Edge Deep Learning Accelerator","display_name":"Time to Leak: Cross-Device Timing Attack On Edge Deep Learning Accelerator","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134770507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iceic51217.2021.9369754","mag":"3134770507"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iceic51217.2021.9369754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iceic51217.2021.9369754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498844","display_name":"2021 International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication (ICEIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication (ICEIC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/147150/2/03_ICEIC2021.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038700576","display_name":"Yoo-Seung Won","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5205-7530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yoo-Seung Won","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001688604","display_name":"Soham Chatterjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0814-8424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soham Chatterjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060395435","display_name":"Dirmanto Jap","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3149-9401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirmanto Jap","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081720773","display_name":"Shivam Bhasin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6903-5127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shivam Bhasin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002380437","display_name":"Arindam Basu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1035-8770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arindam Basu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038700576"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5227,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85546622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.84776771068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.7594749927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.7391567826271057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.7053152322769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6943801641464233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6577134132385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6209489107131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.6014019846916199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.5903551578521729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-model","display_name":"Attack model","score":0.5173539519309998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.51652592420578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45888668298721313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4333987236022949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.37724781036376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3265154957771301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.17996570467948914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.15501737594604492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.14687606692314148}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.84776771068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.7594749927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7391567826271057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.7053152322769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6943801641464233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6577134132385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6209489107131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.6014019846916199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.5903551578521729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.5173539519309998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.51652592420578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45888668298721313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4333987236022949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37724781036376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3265154957771301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.17996570467948914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.15501737594604492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14687606692314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iceic51217.2021.9369754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iceic51217.2021.9369754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498844","display_name":"2021 International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication (ICEIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication (ICEIC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/147150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/147150","pdf_url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/147150/2/03_ICEIC2021.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/147150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/147150","pdf_url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/147150/2/03_ICEIC2021.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G160155416","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2018NCR-NCR009-0001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5928885788","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2018NCR-NCR009-0001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134770507.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134770507.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2461943168","https://openalex.org/W2572504188","https://openalex.org/W2757528734","https://openalex.org/W2809523935","https://openalex.org/W2895073576","https://openalex.org/W2899726877","https://openalex.org/W2906869444","https://openalex.org/W2945476062","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2964318098","https://openalex.org/W2965565691","https://openalex.org/W2987241895","https://openalex.org/W2990887689","https://openalex.org/W3008439737","https://openalex.org/W3013520104","https://openalex.org/W3018424040","https://openalex.org/W3103940881","https://openalex.org/W3114482311","https://openalex.org/W4246001895","https://openalex.org/W4288117700","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6752265895","https://openalex.org/W6755424845","https://openalex.org/W6766787143","https://openalex.org/W6775078712"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390421286","https://openalex.org/W4280563792","https://openalex.org/W2140186469","https://openalex.org/W4389724018","https://openalex.org/W2538033728","https://openalex.org/W2604394466","https://openalex.org/W2952603690","https://openalex.org/W4387796593","https://openalex.org/W2941205169","https://openalex.org/W4328053081"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Edge":[0],"deep":[1,40,70],"learning":[2,41,71],"accelerators":[3,19],"are":[4,20],"optimised":[5],"hardware":[6],"to":[7,43,78,126],"enable":[8],"efficient":[9],"inference":[10],"on":[11,17,86,118],"the":[12,49,53,55,61,99,128],"edge.":[13],"The":[14,82],"models":[15,42],"deployed":[16,39],"these":[18],"often":[21],"proprietary":[22],"and":[23,28,59,73,93,135],"thus":[24],"sensitive":[25],"for":[26,91],"commercial":[27],"privacy":[29],"reasons.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"paper,":[33],"we":[34],"demonstrate":[35],"practical":[36],"vulnerability":[37,83],"of":[38,52,67,96],"timing":[44],"side-channel":[45],"attacks.":[46],"By":[47],"measuring":[48],"execution":[50],"time":[51],"inference,":[54],"adversary":[56,115],"can":[57,107,123,137],"determine":[58],"reconstruct":[60],"model":[62,72],"from":[63],"a":[64,111,119,132],"known":[65,69],"family":[66,95],"well":[68],"then":[74],"use":[75],"available":[76],"techniques":[77],"recover":[79],"remaining":[80],"hyperparameters.":[81],"is":[84,102],"validated":[85],"Intel":[87],"Compute":[88],"Stick":[89],"2":[90],"VGG":[92],"ResNet":[94],"models.":[97],"Moreover,":[98],"presented":[100],"attack":[101],"quite":[103],"devastating":[104],"as":[105],"it":[106],"be":[108,124],"performed":[109],"in":[110],"cross-device":[112],"setting,":[113],"where":[114],"profiles":[116],"constructed":[117],"legally":[120],"own":[121],"device":[122,130],"used":[125],"exploit":[127],"victim":[129],"with":[131],"single":[133],"query":[134],"still":[136],"achieve":[138],"near":[139],"perfect":[140],"success":[141],"rate.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
