{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417169377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs66544.2025.11270819","title":"Evaluating Electric Charge Variation Sensors for Camera-free Eye Tracking on Smart Glasses","display_name":"Evaluating Electric Charge Variation Sensors for Camera-free Eye Tracking on Smart Glasses","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417169377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs66544.2025.11270819"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icecs66544.2025.11270819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs66544.2025.11270819","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 32nd IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120350047","display_name":"Alan Magdaleno","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alan Magdaleno","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zürich,Zürich,Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zürich,Zürich,Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092506176","display_name":"Pietro Bonazzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6147-2214"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Bonazzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zürich,Zürich,Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zürich,Zürich,Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090142795","display_name":"Tommaso Polonelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0405-3612"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tommaso Polonelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zürich,Zürich,Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zürich,Zürich,Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066423975","display_name":"Michele Magno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0368-8923"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Magno","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zürich,Zürich,Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zürich,Zürich,Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120350047"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39913266,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.713699996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6985999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrooculography","display_name":"Electrooculography","score":0.5163000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5072000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-noise","display_name":"Environmental noise","score":0.5037000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.4546000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.4507000148296356}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.713699996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6985999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5266000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778681526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420647","display_name":"Electrooculography","level":3,"score":0.5163000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5072000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86781634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2478325","display_name":"Environmental noise","level":3,"score":0.5037000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.4546000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.4507000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780527195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422874","display_name":"Eyewear","level":2,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017715821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q688498","display_name":"Assistive technology","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100675267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1371624","display_name":"Background noise","level":2,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152213855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189880","display_name":"Charge-coupled device","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60799052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46221","display_name":"Electric field","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icecs66544.2025.11270819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs66544.2025.11270819","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 32nd IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2803487532","https://openalex.org/W4220865469","https://openalex.org/W4306148646","https://openalex.org/W4317213439","https://openalex.org/W4321609262","https://openalex.org/W4379769268","https://openalex.org/W4385067671","https://openalex.org/W4388666098","https://openalex.org/W4389101880","https://openalex.org/W4392240979","https://openalex.org/W4394896926","https://openalex.org/W4403359963","https://openalex.org/W4408915566","https://openalex.org/W4410702172","https://openalex.org/W4412747835"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Contactless":[0],"Electrooculography":[1],"(EOG)":[2],"using":[3,41],"electric":[4],"charge":[5],"variation":[6],"(QVar)":[7],"sensing":[8],"has":[9],"recently":[10],"emerged":[11],"as":[12,100],"a":[13,73,77,105],"promising":[14],"eye-tracking":[15,81],"technique":[16],"on":[17,119],"wearable":[18,167],"devices.":[19],"Q-var":[20],"enables":[21],"low-power":[22],"and":[23,51,61,93,116,152,173],"unobtrusive":[24],"interaction":[25,172],"without":[26],"requiring":[27],"skin-contact":[28],"electrodes.":[29],"Previous":[30],"work":[31],"demonstrated":[32],"that":[33,110,141],"such":[34,99],"systems":[35],"can":[36,155],"accurately":[37],"classify":[38],"eye":[39],"movements":[40],"onboard":[42],"TinyML":[43],"under":[44,146],"controlled":[45],"laboratory":[46],"conditions.":[47],"However,":[48],"the":[49,120,130,163,177],"performance":[50],"robustness":[52],"of":[53,76,104,125,132,166,179],"contactless":[54,142],"EOG":[55,143],"in":[56,86,96,102,129],"real-world":[57],"scenarios\u2014where":[58],"environmental":[59,153],"noise":[60,135],"user":[62],"variability":[63,151],"are":[64],"significant\u2014remain":[65],"largely":[66],"unexplored.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69,180],"paper,":[70],"we":[71],"present":[72],"field":[74],"evaluation":[75],"previously":[78],"proposed":[79],"QVar-based":[80],"system,":[82],"assessing":[83],"its":[84],"limitations":[85],"everyday":[87,97],"usage":[88],"contexts":[89],"across":[90],"29":[91],"users":[92],"100":[94],"recordings":[95],"scenarios,":[98],"working":[101],"front":[103],"laptop.":[106],"Our":[107,137],"results":[108,139],"show":[109,140],"classification":[111,158],"accuracy":[112],"varies":[113],"between":[114],"57%":[115],"89%":[117],"depending":[118],"user,":[121],"with":[122],"an":[123],"average":[124],"74.5%,":[126],"degrading":[127],"significantly":[128,156],"presence":[131],"nearby":[133],"electronic":[134],"sources.":[136],"experimental":[138],"remains":[144],"viable":[145],"realistic":[147],"conditions,":[148],"though":[149],"subject":[150],"factors":[154],"affect":[157],"accuracy.":[159],"The":[160],"findings":[161],"inform":[162],"future":[164],"development":[165],"gaze":[168],"interfaces":[169],"for":[170],"human-computer":[171],"augmented":[174],"reality,":[175],"supporting":[176],"transition":[178],"technology":[181],"from":[182],"prototype":[183],"to":[184],"practice.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-12-09T00:00:00"}