{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2047774868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2007.4510939","title":"Stochastic Behavior of a CMOS Inverter","display_name":"Stochastic Behavior of a CMOS Inverter","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2047774868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2007.4510939","mag":"2047774868"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icecs.2007.4510939","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2007.4510939","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2007 14th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047997552","display_name":"Peng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7470-9341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. E-mail: pxu@umd.edu","Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. E-mail: pxu@umd.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077161756","display_name":"Pamela Abshire","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9555-453X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pamela Abshire","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. E-mail: pabshire@umd.edu","Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. E-mail: pabshire@umd.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047997552"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.071,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78602382,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"94","last_page":"97"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10928","display_name":"Probabilistic and Robust Engineering Design","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.7005852460861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.629456102848053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverter","display_name":"Inverter","score":0.6282060742378235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.6251563429832458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.555124819278717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5434075593948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","score":0.45693957805633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3683222830295563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.34302228689193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.31243884563446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23946934938430786}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.7005852460861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.629456102848053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11190779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664575","display_name":"Inverter","level":3,"score":0.6282060742378235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.6251563429832458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.555124819278717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5434075593948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.45693957805633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3683222830295563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.34302228689193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.31243884563446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23946934938430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icecs.2007.4510939","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2007.4510939","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2007 14th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W588799346","https://openalex.org/W1483625982","https://openalex.org/W1642251103","https://openalex.org/W1984380471","https://openalex.org/W2029967745","https://openalex.org/W2033357394","https://openalex.org/W2098323825","https://openalex.org/W2105075218","https://openalex.org/W2113145298","https://openalex.org/W2155664816","https://openalex.org/W4249427977","https://openalex.org/W4294990616","https://openalex.org/W6636767909"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014521742","https://openalex.org/W2617868873","https://openalex.org/W3204141294","https://openalex.org/W4386230336","https://openalex.org/W4306968100","https://openalex.org/W2367891013","https://openalex.org/W98453623","https://openalex.org/W2340624421","https://openalex.org/W2389800961","https://openalex.org/W1995389502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"feature":[1],"sizes":[2],"of":[3,53,72,86,96,141,147],"integrated":[4],"circuits":[5,40,56,73,167],"continue":[6],"to":[7,16,25,41,78,90,165,177,189],"shrink":[8],"and":[9,74,100,124,172],"demand":[10],"for":[11,67],"low":[12,59,152],"power":[13,18,60,153],"operation":[14,146],"continues":[15],"increase,":[17],"supply":[19,61,154],"voltages":[20],"may":[21],"eventually":[22],"be":[23,163],"reduced":[24],"the":[26,50,69,76,97,110,121,125,130,145,148,179],"level":[27],"where":[28,168],"noise":[29,143,184],"becomes":[30],"significant":[31],"compared":[32],"with":[33],"signals.":[34],"This":[35,135],"would":[36],"cause":[37],"digital":[38,55],"logic":[39],"exhibit":[42],"non-deterministic":[43],"behavior.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46,191],"paper,":[47],"we":[48,108,158],"study":[49,136],"stochastic":[51,70,87,169],"behavior":[52,71],"simple":[54],"operating":[57],"at":[58,113,151],"voltages.":[62,155],"We":[63,82,119],"develop":[64,159],"a":[65,79,138],"method":[66,77,157],"modelling":[68],"apply":[75],"CMOS":[80,98,149],"inverter.":[81],"use":[83],"numerical":[84],"simulations":[85],"differential":[88],"equations":[89],"obtain":[91],"time-":[92],"domain":[93,183],"transient":[94],"analysis":[95,185],"inverter":[99,150],"magnitude":[101],"statistics":[102,174],"from":[103,116],"multiple":[104],"sample":[105,170,173],"paths.":[106],"Further,":[107],"derive":[109],"output":[111,131],"distribution":[112],"steady":[114,132],"state":[115,133],"first":[117],"principles.":[118],"characterize":[120,178],"switching":[122],"error":[123],"information":[126],"transmission":[127],"based":[128],"on":[129],"distribution.":[134],"provides":[137],"detailed":[139],"understanding":[140],"how":[142],"affects":[144],"The":[156],"here":[160],"can":[161],"also":[162],"extended":[164],"other":[166],"paths":[171],"are":[175],"necessary":[176],"circuits.":[180],"Traditional":[181],"frequency":[182],"is":[186],"not":[187],"adequate":[188],"provide":[190],"information.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T20:47:17.329874","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}