{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2162868374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdim.2008.4746711","title":"Towards the development of an automatic readability measurements for arabic language","display_name":"Towards the development of an automatic readability measurements for arabic language","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2162868374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdim.2008.4746711","mag":"2162868374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdim.2008.4746711","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdim.2008.4746711","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 Third International Conference on Digital Information Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028558944","display_name":"Amani Al-Ajlan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6807-1425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amani A. Al-Ajlan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Department College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Department College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063710079","display_name":"Hend S. Al\u2010Khalifa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7328-4935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hend S. Al-Khalifa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Department College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Department College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047866496","display_name":"AbdulMalik S. Al\u2010Salman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5874-2611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"AbdulMalik S. Al-Salman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028558944"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.572,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7979501,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"506","last_page":"511"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"Readability","score":0.9927272796630859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8063163161277771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6260219216346741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.6221959590911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5182173848152161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.4976513683795929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.49346959590911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48396944999694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.45929521322250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.43545299768447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.22870227694511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.19160741567611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08252120018005371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.0817127525806427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07744887471199036}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.9927272796630859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8063163161277771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6260219216346741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.6221959590911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5182173848152161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.4976513683795929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.49346959590911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48396944999694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.45929521322250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43545299768447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.22870227694511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.19160741567611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08252120018005371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0817127525806427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07744887471199036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdim.2008.4746711","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdim.2008.4746711","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 Third International Conference on Digital Information Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W136568931","https://openalex.org/W175030052","https://openalex.org/W563700896","https://openalex.org/W640549631","https://openalex.org/W1976488014","https://openalex.org/W1982643343","https://openalex.org/W2028365218","https://openalex.org/W2055438657","https://openalex.org/W2062585132","https://openalex.org/W2142580906","https://openalex.org/W2143681154","https://openalex.org/W2153081451","https://openalex.org/W4240297328","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964661231","https://openalex.org/W4254960163","https://openalex.org/W3110264473","https://openalex.org/W2370831213","https://openalex.org/W2972807713","https://openalex.org/W4285478380","https://openalex.org/W4315704968","https://openalex.org/W2100255360","https://openalex.org/W2140061545","https://openalex.org/W2032810564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Currently,":[0],"there":[1],"are":[2,18,47,115],"more":[3],"than":[4,68],"200":[5],"readability":[6,30,62,98,103,127,147,157,184],"formulas":[7,17],"developed":[8],"since":[9],"the":[10,22,29,39,42,76,79,94,109,132,145,156,163,168,177],"1920s.":[11],"Only":[12],"a":[13,25,54,152],"handful":[14],"of":[15,24,31,41,81,96,101,105,112,137,159,170],"these":[16],"reliable":[19],"to":[20,75,121],"determine":[21],"reading-level":[23],"sample":[26],"text.":[27,161],"Ascertaining":[28],"curricula":[32],"is":[33,53],"an":[34,125],"important":[35],"step":[36],"toward":[37],"optimizing":[38],"effectiveness":[40],"educational":[43],"progress.":[44],"Readability":[45],"measurements":[46],"done":[48],"using":[49],"manual":[50],"computation.":[51],"This":[52,71],"tedious":[55],"and":[56,89,108,149,182],"time-consuming":[57],"task.":[58],"However,":[59],"nowadays,":[60],"automatic":[61,97,126],"computation":[63],"has":[64],"gained":[65],"much":[66],"popularity":[67],"ever":[69],"before.":[70],"can":[72],"be":[73],"attributed":[74],"advancement":[77],"in":[78,117],"field":[80],"natural":[82],"language":[83,134],"processing.":[84],"Languages":[85],"such":[86],"as":[87],"English":[88,183],"Spanish":[90],"have":[91],"benefited":[92],"from":[93],"formation":[95],"systems.":[99],"Absence":[100],"automated":[102],"measurement":[104,158],"Arabic":[106,118,160],"texts":[107],"large":[110],"amount":[111],"information":[113],"which":[114],"written":[116],"encouraged":[119],"us":[120],"work":[122],"on":[123,176],"finding":[124],"system":[128,153],"for":[129,135,154],"our":[130,171],"language;":[131],"mother":[133],"millions":[136],"Arabs.":[138],"In":[139],"this":[140],"paper":[141,164],"we":[142,165],"will":[143],"review":[144],"different":[146,178],"research":[148],"then":[150],"propose":[151],"automating":[155],"Within":[162],"also":[166],"report":[167],"results":[169],"pilot":[172],"experiment":[173],"carried":[174],"out":[175],"well-known":[179],"Arabic,":[180],"Swedish":[181],"formulas.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}