{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414898670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs63083.2025.00059","title":"Lumi: Lightweight Blockchain Layer 2 Protocol from On-chain Coordination","display_name":"Lumi: Lightweight Blockchain Layer 2 Protocol from On-chain Coordination","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414898670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs63083.2025.00059"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdcs63083.2025.00059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs63083.2025.00059","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 45th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115695322","display_name":"Xin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6229-1945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University and State Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Digital Economy Security"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University and State Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Digital Economy Security","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shuhe Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuhe Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017743452","display_name":"Keting Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6396-8882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keting Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University and State Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Digital Economy Security"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University and State Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Digital Economy Security","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qidi You","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3148377317","display_name":"Department of Space","ror":"https://ror.org/000kjq947","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3148377317"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qidi You","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Space Information System and Integrated Application"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Space Information System and Integrated Application","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3148377317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039007125","display_name":"Sisi Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1385-6807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sisi Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University and State Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Digital Economy Security"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University and State Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Digital Economy Security","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33822694,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"538","last_page":"548"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7265999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.5898000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5587000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-layer","display_name":"Application layer","score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.47589999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.45559999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.43939998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensating-transaction","display_name":"Compensating transaction","score":0.33169999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7265999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.5898000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5587000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190793597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189768","display_name":"Application layer","level":3,"score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5327000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.47589999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.46380001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.45559999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.43939998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155951066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156254","display_name":"Compensating transaction","level":5,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108548466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7455767","display_name":"Service layer","level":3,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20277647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227234","display_name":"Data access layer","level":3,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72108876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844565","display_name":"Transaction processing","level":3,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147358964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200992","display_name":"Abstraction layer","level":3,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779614062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716894","display_name":"Lease","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65813073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1622420","display_name":"High availability","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdcs63083.2025.00059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs63083.2025.00059","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 45th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1794148987","https://openalex.org/W2003214215","https://openalex.org/W2014239329","https://openalex.org/W2114579022","https://openalex.org/W2119565742","https://openalex.org/W2126789306","https://openalex.org/W2166670067","https://openalex.org/W2167882086","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2613637871","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2963873436","https://openalex.org/W2964159515","https://openalex.org/W2964303100","https://openalex.org/W3043572547","https://openalex.org/W3096269614","https://openalex.org/W3137220996","https://openalex.org/W3211052110","https://openalex.org/W4220853208","https://openalex.org/W4287848954","https://openalex.org/W4288057762","https://openalex.org/W4292387255","https://openalex.org/W4308192654","https://openalex.org/W4308644267","https://openalex.org/W4312724280","https://openalex.org/W4380874342","https://openalex.org/W4391725259","https://openalex.org/W4391725311","https://openalex.org/W4394923356"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Layer":[0],"2":[1,51,60,84],"is":[2,17],"one":[3],"of":[4,13,26,39,76],"the":[5,11,30,37,40,47,74,77,125],"most":[6],"promising":[7],"approaches":[8,61],"to":[9,18,35,56,64,71,97,138],"improve":[10,73],"scalability":[12],"blockchains.":[14],"The":[15,105],"idea":[16],"shift":[19],"some":[20,27],"tasks":[21],"(e.g.,":[22],"ordering":[23],"and":[24,66,102,127,154,157],"execution":[25],"transactions)":[28],"off":[29],"mainchain":[31],"(i.e.,":[32,134],"layer":[33,50,59,83],"1)":[34],"reduce":[36],"workload":[38],"mainchain.":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43],"work,":[44],"we":[45],"study":[46],"so-called":[48],"committee-based":[49,58,82],"approaches.":[52],"Being":[53],"conceptually":[54],"similar":[55],"sharding,":[57],"allow":[62],"committees":[63],"order":[65],"execute":[67],"transactions":[68,133,135],"in":[69],"parallel":[70],"further":[72],"performance":[75],"system.":[78],"Different":[79],"from":[80],"existing":[81],"solutions":[85],"that":[86,136,147],"often":[87],"prioritize":[88],"low":[89,100,152],"latency":[90,101,153],"over":[91],"high":[92,103,155],"throughput,":[93],"our":[94,148],"solution":[95,130,149],"strives":[96],"achieve":[98],"both":[99,151],"throughput.":[104],"technical":[106],"building":[107],"blocks":[108],"include":[109],"a":[110,128],"lightweight":[111],"primary-backup":[112],"design":[113,122],"for":[114,123,131],"off-chain":[115],"committees,":[116],"an":[117],"efficient":[118],"on-chain":[119],"lease":[120],"management":[121],"managing":[124],"primaries,":[126],"one-phase":[129],"cross-committee":[132],"need":[137],"be":[139,159],"processed":[140],"by":[141],"multiple":[142],"committees).":[143],"Experimental":[144],"results":[145],"show":[146],"achieves":[150],"throughput":[156],"can":[158],"deployed":[160],"on":[161],"even":[162],"low-end":[163],"machines.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}