{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414909281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs63083.2025.00039","title":"Enabling Bitcoin Smart Contracts on the Internet Computer","display_name":"Enabling Bitcoin Smart Contracts on the Internet Computer","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414909281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs63083.2025.00039"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdcs63083.2025.00039","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs63083.2025.00039","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 45th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.21327","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119881980","display_name":"Ryan Croote","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Croote","raw_affiliation_strings":["DFINITY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DFINITY","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119881981","display_name":"Islam El-Ashi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Islam El-Ashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["DFINITY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DFINITY","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071703563","display_name":"Thomas Locher","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Locher","raw_affiliation_strings":["DFINITY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DFINITY","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061384202","display_name":"Yvonne-Anne Pignolet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0837-7948"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yvonne-Anne Pignolet","raw_affiliation_strings":["DFINITY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DFINITY","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119881980"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41715436,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"319","last_page":"329"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.6840999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5390999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5174000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.36579999327659607}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.6840999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.555400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5390999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5174000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.26510000228881836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdcs63083.2025.00039","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs63083.2025.00039","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 45th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.21327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.21327","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.21327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.21327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.21327","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.21327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,67],"growing":[2],"interest":[3],"in":[4,12,26,125,178],"providing":[5],"programmatic":[6],"access":[7],"to":[8,49,127,151],"the":[9,30,77,85,114,129,135,142,152,155,165],"value":[10],"locked":[11],"Bitcoin,":[13],"which":[14,144],"famously":[15],"offers":[16],"limited":[17],"programmability":[18],"itself.":[19],"Various":[20],"approaches":[21],"have":[22],"been":[23],"put":[24],"forth":[25],"recent":[27],"years,":[28],"with":[29,134,176],"vast":[31],"majority":[32],"of":[33,42,56,79,99,116,132,137,147,154,164],"proposed":[34],"mechanisms":[35],"either":[36],"building":[37],"new":[38],"functionality":[39],"on":[40,59,84,141,162,169],"top":[41],"Bitcoin":[43,81,105,133,166],"or":[44,198],"leveraging":[45],"a":[46,71,89,101,117,179],"bridging":[47],"mechanism":[48],"enable":[50],"smart":[51,82],"contracts":[52,83],"that":[53,69,113,193],"make":[54],"use":[55,115],"\"wrapped\"":[57],"bitcoins":[58],"entirely":[60],"different":[61,72],"platforms.In":[62],"this":[63,186],"work,":[64],"an":[65],"architecture":[66,75],"presented":[68],"follows":[70],"approach.":[73],"The":[74,171],"enables":[76,188],"execution":[78,184],"Turing-complete":[80],"Internet":[86],"Computer":[87],"(IC),":[88],"blockchain":[90],"platform":[91],"for":[92],"hosting":[93],"and":[94,104,182],"executing":[95],"decentralized":[96,191],"applications.":[97],"Instead":[98],"using":[100],"bridge,":[102],"IC":[103],"nodes":[106],"interact":[107],"directly,":[108],"eliminating":[109],"potential":[110],"security":[111],"risks":[112],"bridge":[118],"entails.":[119],"This":[120],"integration":[121,167,187],"requires":[122],"novel":[123],"concepts,":[124],"particular":[126],"reconcile":[128],"probabilistic":[130],"nature":[131],"irreversibility":[136],"finalized":[138],"state":[139],"changes":[140],"IC,":[143],"may":[145],"be":[146],"independent":[148],"interest.In":[149],"addition":[150],"presentation":[153],"architecture,":[156],"we":[157],"provide":[158],"evaluation":[159,172],"results":[160,173],"based":[161],"measurements":[163],"running":[168],"mainnet.":[170],"demonstrate":[174],"that,":[175],"finalization":[177],"few":[180],"seconds":[181],"low":[183],"costs,":[185],"complex":[189],"Bitcoin-based":[190],"applications":[192],"were":[194],"not":[195],"practically":[196],"feasible":[197],"economically":[199],"viable":[200],"before.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
