{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3197490558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icccn52240.2021.9522152","title":"Coverage is Not Binary: Quantifying Mobile Broadband Quality in Urban, Rural, and Tribal Contexts","display_name":"Coverage is Not Binary: Quantifying Mobile Broadband Quality in Urban, Rural, and Tribal Contexts","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3197490558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icccn52240.2021.9522152","mag":"3197490558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icccn52240.2021.9522152","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icccn52240.2021.9522152","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006386073","display_name":"Vivek Adarsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8128-3668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vivek Adarsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076958586","display_name":"Michael Nekrasov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6963-5088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Nekrasov","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004803112","display_name":"Udit Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2866-3423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Udit Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063502119","display_name":"Tarun Mangla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9016-9931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarun Mangla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Tech"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046100948","display_name":"Arpit Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6378-7440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arpit Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091150788","display_name":"Morgan Vigil-Hayes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9010-5380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203172682","display_name":"Northern Arizona University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272j5188","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morgan Vigil-Hayes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northern Arizona University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Arizona University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046123988","display_name":"Ellen Zegura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4756-1759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ellen Zegura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Tech"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041600302","display_name":"Elizabeth Belding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2155-6740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Belding","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.221,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75313568,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6643514633178711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6325249075889587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provisioning","display_name":"Provisioning","score":0.5960320234298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-experience","display_name":"Quality of experience","score":0.5720553994178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.5682492256164551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadband","display_name":"Broadband","score":0.5398217439651489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4986307621002197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.4774344861507416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.46827173233032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-broadband","display_name":"Mobile broadband","score":0.4490917921066284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4310658276081085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4237977862358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core-network","display_name":"Core network","score":0.42131394147872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4177740812301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.15586644411087036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.08573862910270691}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6643514633178711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6325249075889587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172191483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071806","display_name":"Provisioning","level":2,"score":0.5960320234298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779333187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3132648","display_name":"Quality of experience","level":3,"score":0.5720553994178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.5682492256164551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.5398217439651489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4986307621002197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.4774344861507416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.46827173233032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78834623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640394","display_name":"Mobile broadband","level":3,"score":0.4490917921066284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4310658276081085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4237977862358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5038329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142907","display_name":"Core network","level":2,"score":0.42131394147872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4177740812301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.15586644411087036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08573862910270691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icccn52240.2021.9522152","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icccn52240.2021.9522152","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"No poverty"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W101502882","https://openalex.org/W198328412","https://openalex.org/W1986262965","https://openalex.org/W2013628864","https://openalex.org/W2027203739","https://openalex.org/W2040064936","https://openalex.org/W2073538329","https://openalex.org/W2093215780","https://openalex.org/W2093942157","https://openalex.org/W2117046610","https://openalex.org/W2124433861","https://openalex.org/W2127034683","https://openalex.org/W2153771889","https://openalex.org/W2158784251","https://openalex.org/W2248715140","https://openalex.org/W2622055490","https://openalex.org/W2734817288","https://openalex.org/W2898104518","https://openalex.org/W2914533952","https://openalex.org/W2962940036","https://openalex.org/W2975313368","https://openalex.org/W2976319488","https://openalex.org/W2980660444","https://openalex.org/W2996018583","https://openalex.org/W3012772935","https://openalex.org/W3021097804","https://openalex.org/W3021691670","https://openalex.org/W3129733145","https://openalex.org/W3132744944","https://openalex.org/W3142860725","https://openalex.org/W4239515884","https://openalex.org/W6608049012","https://openalex.org/W6755784334","https://openalex.org/W6791017702","https://openalex.org/W6922342183","https://openalex.org/W6948103002"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017432143","https://openalex.org/W1973694374","https://openalex.org/W2983574358","https://openalex.org/W1970095541","https://openalex.org/W4252147399","https://openalex.org/W2805125868","https://openalex.org/W2986629030","https://openalex.org/W188224805","https://openalex.org/W2497162478","https://openalex.org/W2968737745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cellular":[0],"network":[1,18],"performance":[2,22,138],"does":[3,37],"not":[4,38],"cleanly":[5],"generalize.":[6],"A":[7],"variety":[8,87,119],"of":[9,23,34,47,77,88,120,139,190],"factors,":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12,204],"location,":[13],"terrain,":[14],"signal":[15],"quality":[16,76],"and":[17,55,113,123,144,193,213,218,224],"load,":[19],"affect":[20],"the":[21,32,75,137,159,188],"services":[24],"delivered":[25,81],"over":[26,82],"LTE":[27,35,63,126,140,164,229],"networks.":[28,155],"As":[29],"a":[30,86,95,104,118],"result,":[31],"presence":[33],"coverage":[36,44],"always":[39],"equate":[40],"to":[41,57,73,102,195,206],"usable":[42],"service;":[43],"can":[45,52],"be":[46,53],"poor":[48],"quality,":[49,176],"or":[50],"it":[51,70],"congested":[54,111,153],"difficult":[56],"access.":[58],"Given":[59],"that":[60,99,136,161,211],"reliance":[61],"on":[62],"networks":[64,84,127,141,165],"for":[65,79],"Internet":[66],"connectivity":[67],"has":[68],"exploded,":[69],"is":[71,147],"critical":[72],"understand":[74],"experience":[78,203],"applications":[80],"these":[83],"in":[85,108,142,158,166,222],"scenarios.":[89],"To":[90],"this":[91],"end,":[92],"we":[93,100,162],"develop":[94],"robust":[96],"measurement":[97,106],"suite":[98],"use":[101],"conduct":[103],"unique":[105],"campaign":[107],"tribal,":[109],"rural,":[110],"urban":[112,115,154,207],"uncongested":[114],"regions,":[116],"representing":[117],"under-provisioned,":[121],"congested,":[122],"well-provisioned":[124],"operational":[125],"run":[128],"by":[129],"four":[130],"major":[131],"providers.":[132],"Our":[133],"analysis":[134],"confirms":[135],"tribal":[143,223],"rural":[145,225],"areas":[146,169],"typically":[148],"worse":[149,221],"than":[150,185,197],"even":[151],"heavily":[152],"More":[156],"specifically,":[157],"regions":[160],"study,":[163],"under-provisioned":[167],"(tribal/rural)":[168],"have":[170],"$":[171,177,186,198,216,219],"9\\times$":[172],"poorer":[173],"video":[174,180],"streaming":[175],"10\\times$":[178,187],"higher":[179],"start-up":[181],"delay,":[182],"undergo":[183],"more":[184,196],"number":[189],"resolution":[191],"switches,":[192],"lead":[194],"2\\times$":[199],"slower":[200],"Web":[201],"browsing":[202],"compared":[205],"deployments.":[208],"We":[209],"show":[210],"throughput":[212],"latency":[214],"are":[215],"11\\times$":[217],"3\\times$":[220],"locations,":[226],"despite":[227],"identical":[228],"carrier":[230],"subscription":[231],"plans.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}