{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3049790535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169415","title":"Parallel Hash-Mark-Set on the Ethereum Blockchain","display_name":"Parallel Hash-Mark-Set on the Ethereum Blockchain","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3049790535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169415","mag":"3049790535"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169415","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003518930","display_name":"Zachary Painter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8334-8237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zachary Painter","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020141335","display_name":"Pradeep Kumar Gayam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pradeep Kumar Gayam","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065345204","display_name":"Victor Cook","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9852-2581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor Cook","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006132411","display_name":"Damian Dechev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0569-3403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damian Dechev","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003518930"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1542,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51710363,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8260229825973511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.7266061902046204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.6713135838508606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.6695389151573181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.4627295732498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thread","display_name":"Thread (computing)","score":0.4617927074432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instruction-set","display_name":"Instruction set","score":0.44017407298088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.37770745158195496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.20740655064582825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.14097937941551208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8260229825973511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.7266061902046204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.6713135838508606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.6695389151573181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4627295732498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138101251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213092","display_name":"Thread (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4617927074432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202491316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272683","display_name":"Instruction set","level":2,"score":0.44017407298088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37770745158195496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.20740655064582825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14097937941551208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169415","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534943886","https://openalex.org/W1554917839","https://openalex.org/W1969344535","https://openalex.org/W1997900417","https://openalex.org/W2101939036","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2183126124","https://openalex.org/W2187800381","https://openalex.org/W2293624543","https://openalex.org/W2595976459","https://openalex.org/W2757509496","https://openalex.org/W2982604229","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6686086662","https://openalex.org/W6686785055","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058965144","https://openalex.org/W2164382479","https://openalex.org/W2146343568","https://openalex.org/W98480971","https://openalex.org/W2150291671","https://openalex.org/W2013643406","https://openalex.org/W2045177269","https://openalex.org/W2116582200","https://openalex.org/W1580752477","https://openalex.org/W2061453039"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Popular":[0],"blockchains":[1],"such":[2],"as":[3],"Bitcoin":[4],"or":[5],"Ethereum":[6],"provide":[7],"a":[8,44,79,126],"transaction":[9],"isolation":[10],"level":[11],"of":[12,85,95,103],"READ-COMMITTED.":[13],"This":[14,76],"provides":[15],"difficulties":[16],"when":[17],"state":[18,35,105],"changes":[19],"many":[20],"times":[21],"per":[22],"block":[23],"interval.":[24],"Hash-Mark-Set":[25],"(HMS)":[26],"alleviates":[27],"this":[28],"problem":[29],"by":[30],"enabling":[31],"READ-UNCOMMITTED":[32],"transactions":[33],"for":[34,66],"variables.":[36],"However,":[37],"the":[38,93,96,101,111],"current":[39],"HMS":[40,81,97],"implementation":[41],"relies":[42],"on":[43,59],"sequential":[45,68],"algorithm":[46,98,113],"and":[47,88,99,125],"is":[48],"susceptible":[49],"to":[50,62,82,91,122],"redundant":[51],"calculations.":[52],"As":[53],"modern":[54],"processors":[55],"rely":[56],"more":[57],"heavily":[58],"parallel":[60],"algorithms":[61,69],"leverage":[63],"multiple":[64],"cores":[65],"speedup,":[67],"see":[70],"less":[71],"benefit":[72],"from":[73],"hardware":[74],"improvements.":[75],"paper":[77],"proposes":[78],"lock-free":[80],"make":[83],"use":[84],"thread-safe":[86],"techniques":[87],"other":[89],"optimizations":[90],"improve":[92],"performance":[94,120],"reduce":[100],"latency":[102],"read-uncommitted":[104],"variable":[106],"accesses.":[107],"In":[108],"our":[109],"experiments,":[110],"proposed":[112],"experiences":[114],"an":[115],"average":[116],"6.4\u00d7":[117],"increase":[118],"in":[119],"up":[121],"128":[123],"go-routines,":[124],"maximum":[127],"11.1\u00d7":[128],"increase.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
