{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388426860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ic2e59103.2023.00015","title":"Towards Serverless Sky Computing: An Investigation on Global Workload Distribution to Mitigate Carbon Intensity, Network Latency, and Cost","display_name":"Towards Serverless Sky Computing: An Investigation on Global Workload Distribution to Mitigate Carbon Intensity, Network Latency, and Cost","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388426860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ic2e59103.2023.00015"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ic2e59103.2023.00015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ic2e59103.2023.00015","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018340406","display_name":"Robert Cordingly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9199-4973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150356","display_name":"University of Washington Tacoma","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8t2628","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Cordingly","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington,School of Engineering and Technology,Tacoma,Washington,USA","School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington, Tacoma, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington,School of Engineering and Technology,Tacoma,Washington,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington, Tacoma, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062018945","display_name":"Jasleen Kaur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0811-9025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150356","display_name":"University of Washington Tacoma","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8t2628","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jasleen Kaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington,School of Engineering and Technology,Tacoma,Washington,USA","School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington, Tacoma, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington,School of Engineering and Technology,Tacoma,Washington,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington, Tacoma, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041083773","display_name":"Divyansh Dwivedi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150356","display_name":"University of Washington Tacoma","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8t2628","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Divyansh Dwivedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington,School of Engineering and Technology,Tacoma,Washington,USA","School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington, Tacoma, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington,School of Engineering and Technology,Tacoma,Washington,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington, Tacoma, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021815916","display_name":"Wes Lloyd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2021-8501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150356","display_name":"University of Washington Tacoma","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8t2628","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wes Lloyd","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington,School of Engineering and Technology,Tacoma,Washington,USA","School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington, Tacoma, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington,School of Engineering and Technology,Tacoma,Washington,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington, Tacoma, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1762,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95815176,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"59","last_page":"69"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.8320327997207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7686465382575989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microservices","display_name":"Microservices","score":0.5932098031044006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-footprint","display_name":"Carbon footprint","score":0.5131219029426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5034896731376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4445956349372864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.4361700415611267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3806692361831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.252108097076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","score":0.21627864241600037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10884037613868713}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.8320327997207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7686465382575989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778505942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18344624","display_name":"Microservices","level":3,"score":0.5932098031044006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.5131219029426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5034896731376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4445956349372864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4361700415611267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3806692361831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.252108097076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.21627864241600037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10884037613868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ic2e59103.2023.00015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ic2e59103.2023.00015","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2763095368","https://openalex.org/W3091771787","https://openalex.org/W3098014245","https://openalex.org/W3118849048","https://openalex.org/W3153333801","https://openalex.org/W3168937343","https://openalex.org/W3203063759","https://openalex.org/W3208379186","https://openalex.org/W3208939081","https://openalex.org/W3210861663","https://openalex.org/W3215205611","https://openalex.org/W4200293785","https://openalex.org/W4283210091","https://openalex.org/W4285804454","https://openalex.org/W4309357482","https://openalex.org/W4312715770","https://openalex.org/W4362505428"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210334847","https://openalex.org/W4367181468","https://openalex.org/W2767473057","https://openalex.org/W3003367851","https://openalex.org/W3119944216","https://openalex.org/W2351197002","https://openalex.org/W3180088989","https://openalex.org/W1492892507","https://openalex.org/W4214831727","https://openalex.org/W2995938785"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,27,68],"high":[1,61,94],"demand":[2],"for":[3,39],"energy":[4],"consumption":[5],"and":[6,65,89,99,151],"the":[7,12,107,174,191],"resulting":[8],"carbon":[9,152,192],"footprint":[10],"of":[11,25,29,70,109,194],"cloud":[13,19,31,42,47,90,125],"pose":[14],"significant":[15],"sustainability":[16],"challenges,":[17],"as":[18,53],"data":[20],"centers":[21],"consume":[22],"vast":[23],"amounts":[24],"energy.":[26],"emergence":[28],"serverless":[30,79,116,130,139,157,183,198],"computing":[32,48,113],"platforms":[33,49],"has":[34],"opened":[35],"up":[36,121,201],"new":[37],"avenues":[38],"more":[40],"sustainable":[41],"computing.":[43],"Serverless":[44],"Function-as-a-Service":[45],"(FaaS)":[46],"facilitate":[50],"deploying":[51],"applications":[52],"decoupled":[54],"microservices":[55],"to":[56,81,92,122,134,141,161,202,217],"leverage":[57],"automatic":[58],"rapid":[59],"scaling,":[60],"availability,":[62],"fault":[63],"tolerance,":[64],"on-demand":[66],"pricing.":[67],"absence":[69],"always-on":[71],"hosting":[72,149,209],"costs":[73,210],"associated":[74],"with":[75,84,219],"virtual":[76],"machines":[77],"enables":[78],"functions":[80],"be":[82],"deployed":[83],"many":[85],"different":[86],"function":[87,215],"configurations":[88],"regions":[91,172],"achieve":[93],"performance,":[95],"low":[96],"network":[97,146,204],"latency,":[98,147],"reduced":[100,190],"costs.":[101],"In":[102],"this":[103],"paper,":[104],"we":[105,165],"investigate":[106],"utility":[108],"a":[110,129,195],"global":[111],"sky":[112],"platform":[114],"where":[115],"resources":[117,189],"are":[118],"aggregated":[119,188],"between":[120],"19":[123,171],"distinct":[124],"regions.":[126],"We":[127],"prototype":[128],"load":[131,184],"distribution":[132,158,185],"system":[133],"distribute":[135],"client":[136],"requests":[137],"across":[138,170],"aggregations":[140],"minimize":[142],"performance":[143,163],"objectives,":[144,164],"including":[145],"runtime,":[148],"costs,":[150],"footprint.":[153],"To":[154],"evaluate":[155],"our":[156],"system's":[159],"ability":[160],"meet":[162],"continuously":[166],"executed":[167],"large":[168],"experiments":[169],"around":[173],"world":[175],"from":[176],"November":[177],"2022":[178],"through":[179],"March":[180],"2023.":[181],"Our":[182],"approach":[186],"using":[187],"intensity":[193],"globally":[196],"distributed":[197],"application":[199],"by":[200,206,211,213],"99.8%,":[203],"latency":[205],"65%,":[207],"or":[208],"58%":[212],"optimizing":[214],"routing":[216],"deployments":[218],"optimal":[220],"hardware":[221],"configurations.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}