{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400114515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10560787","title":"Schlieren and X-Ray Imaging of Laser-Particle Interactions in Metal Additive Manufacturing","display_name":"Schlieren and X-Ray Imaging of Laser-Particle Interactions in Metal Additive Manufacturing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400114515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10560787"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10560787","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10560787","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048217741","display_name":"Ioannis Bitharas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7235-4794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis Bitharas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Photonics And Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University,Edinburgh,UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photonics And Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University,Edinburgh,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013917825","display_name":"Kyle Perkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0184-7399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyle Perkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Photonics And Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University,Edinburgh,UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photonics And Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University,Edinburgh,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044883230","display_name":"Tao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4881-9774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia,Department of Materials Science & Engineering,Charlottesville,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia,Department of Materials Science & Engineering,Charlottesville,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060904631","display_name":"Anthony D. Rollett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4445-2191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony D. Rollett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University,Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Pittsburgh,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University,Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Pittsburgh,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012135530","display_name":"Andrew J. Moore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-6298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Photonics And Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University,Edinburgh,UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photonics And Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University,Edinburgh,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048217741"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2252,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4590968,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schlieren","display_name":"Schlieren","score":0.7523466348648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5749372243881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schlieren-imaging","display_name":"Schlieren imaging","score":0.5608476996421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4969079792499542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.4944159984588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal","display_name":"Metal","score":0.4547930359840393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","score":0.43333619832992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/x-ray","display_name":"X-ray","score":0.42766305804252625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.37916284799575806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.28151923418045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metallurgy","display_name":"Metallurgy","score":0.2601696848869324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20479610562324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09981858730316162}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117248102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11778649","display_name":"Schlieren","level":2,"score":0.7523466348648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5749372243881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780956952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431716","display_name":"Schlieren imaging","level":3,"score":0.5608476996421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4969079792499542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.4944159984588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544153396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426","display_name":"Metal","level":2,"score":0.4547930359840393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.43333619832992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34777","display_name":"X-ray","level":2,"score":0.42766305804252625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.37916284799575806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28151923418045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.2601696848869324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20479610562324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09981858730316162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10560787","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc60896.2024.10560787","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2404524956","https://openalex.org/W2622110699","https://openalex.org/W2625932698","https://openalex.org/W2759766116","https://openalex.org/W2794002618","https://openalex.org/W2794494149","https://openalex.org/W2886816307","https://openalex.org/W2887018724","https://openalex.org/W2925000736","https://openalex.org/W3105184804","https://openalex.org/W4214595485","https://openalex.org/W4281567325"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2796295403","https://openalex.org/W4322774642","https://openalex.org/W2332512328","https://openalex.org/W2066196740","https://openalex.org/W2546847010","https://openalex.org/W2524851272","https://openalex.org/W4389138560","https://openalex.org/W2778261727","https://openalex.org/W2006023581","https://openalex.org/W4386843919"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,61],"laser":[1,75],"powder":[2],"bed":[3],"fusion":[4,113],"(LPBF),":[5],"the":[6,17,22,27,46,82,87,93,96],"most":[7],"widely":[8],"adopted":[9],"additive":[10],"manufacturing":[11],"(AM)":[12],"technique":[13],"for":[14],"metallic":[15],"parts,":[16],"multiphase":[18],"flow":[19],"dynamics":[20,68],"of":[21,29,48,55,58,69,86,95],"laser-material":[23],"interactions":[24,101],"strongly":[25],"influence":[26],"quality":[28],"printed":[30],"parts.":[31],"Coaxial,":[32],"high-speed":[33],"synchrotron":[34],"X-ray":[35],"combined":[36],"with":[37],"schlieren":[38],"imaging":[39],"can":[40,79,103],"therefore":[41],"give":[42],"deeper":[43],"insight":[44],"into":[45],"physics":[47],"such":[49],"flows,":[50],"by":[51],"enabling":[52],"simultaneous":[53],"visualisation":[54],"all":[56],"phases":[57],"matter":[59],"present.":[60],"this":[62],"work,":[63],"atmospheric":[64],"fluid":[65],"and":[66,84,107,114,125],"particle":[67],"Ti-6AI-4V":[70],"are":[71,110],"characterised":[72],"under":[73],"varying":[74],"energy":[76],"input,":[77],"which":[78],"drastically":[80],"change":[81],"morphology":[83],"stability":[85,124],"liquid-vapour":[88],"interface,":[89],"as":[90,92],"well":[91],"intensity":[94],"vapour":[97],"jet.":[98],"Characteristic":[99],"laser-particle":[100],"that":[102],"affect":[104],"mass":[105],"transfer":[106],"defect":[108],"formation":[109],"showcased.":[111],"Data":[112],"image":[115],"analysis":[116],"aid":[117],"in":[118],"relating":[119],"our":[120],"observations":[121],"to":[122],"process":[123],"optimisation.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-19T19:40:27.379048","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}