{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3175074211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9460008","title":"Microwave Quantification of Porosity Level in 3D Printed Polymers","display_name":"Microwave Quantification of Porosity Level in 3D Printed Polymers","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3175074211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9460008","mag":"3175074211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9460008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9460008","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084961393","display_name":"Anna Case","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5803-4367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anna Case","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE), Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE), Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081140690","display_name":"Aaron McCarville","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron McCarville","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE), Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE), Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056331912","display_name":"Mohammad Tayeb Al Qaseer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6003-5078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Tayeb Al Qaseer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE), Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE), Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088505165","display_name":"Reza Zoughi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-1551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Zoughi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE), Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE), Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084961393"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4048,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60219136,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/porosity","display_name":"Porosity","score":0.8394724726676941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fused-filament-fabrication","display_name":"Fused filament fabrication","score":0.761015772819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.7602260112762451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabrication","display_name":"Fabrication","score":0.7556831240653992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permittivity","display_name":"Permittivity","score":0.5846480131149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer","display_name":"Polymer","score":0.5668993592262268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-printing","display_name":"3D printing","score":0.5516357421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rapid-prototyping","display_name":"Rapid prototyping","score":0.541898250579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.5241304039955139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric","display_name":"Dielectric","score":0.5151859521865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.418199360370636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/characterization","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","score":0.41332152485847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.1968209445476532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.19411829113960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.17416957020759583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.8394724726676941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777510241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18349149","display_name":"Fused filament fabrication","level":3,"score":0.761015772819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7602260112762451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.7556831240653992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168651791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211569","display_name":"Permittivity","level":3,"score":0.5846480131149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521977710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163","display_name":"Polymer","level":2,"score":0.5668993592262268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524769229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3D printing","level":2,"score":0.5516357421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780395129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128971","display_name":"Rapid prototyping","level":2,"score":0.541898250579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.5241304039955139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.5151859521865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.418199360370636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.41332152485847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.1968209445476532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.19411829113960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17416957020759583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9460008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc50364.2021.9460008","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073182742","https://openalex.org/W2101189020","https://openalex.org/W2130705138","https://openalex.org/W2145850560","https://openalex.org/W2255562463","https://openalex.org/W2314480183","https://openalex.org/W2586117193","https://openalex.org/W2735142279","https://openalex.org/W2765491978","https://openalex.org/W2805020466","https://openalex.org/W2836606291","https://openalex.org/W2890351524","https://openalex.org/W2949231405","https://openalex.org/W2972388049","https://openalex.org/W3033578705","https://openalex.org/W6751504484"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3131012505","https://openalex.org/W4381185753","https://openalex.org/W4223942653","https://openalex.org/W131408546","https://openalex.org/W2965868192","https://openalex.org/W1129759607","https://openalex.org/W2336405346","https://openalex.org/W2340090696","https://openalex.org/W3142171456","https://openalex.org/W2594995186"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Additive":[0],"manufacturing":[1],"(or":[2],"3D":[3],"printing)":[4],"of":[5,16,39,48,57,87,108],"polymers":[6,79],"is":[7,101],"a":[8,58],"powerful":[9],"technique":[10,100],"for":[11,73,78,89,131],"rapid":[12],"prototyping":[13],"and":[14,22,61],"production":[15],"functional":[17],"parts.":[18],"However,":[19],"these":[20],"techniques,":[21],"in":[23,33],"particular":[24],"the":[25,55,84,96,105],"fused":[26],"filament":[27],"fabrication":[28],"(FFF)":[29],"process,":[30],"can":[31,50],"result":[32],"parts":[34],"with":[35,83,112],"relatively":[36],"large":[37],"volume":[38],"porosity":[40,49,115],"(i.e.,":[41,80],"distributed":[42],"air":[43],"voids).":[44],"Such":[45],"undesired":[46],"levels":[47],"be":[51],"potentially":[52],"detrimental":[53],"to":[54,103,125,128],"integrity":[56],"printed":[59,110],"part":[60],"ultimately":[62],"limit":[63],"its":[64],"use.":[65],"Microwave":[66],"material":[67],"characterization":[68],"techniques":[69],"are":[70,123],"great":[71],"candidates":[72],"evaluating":[74],"such":[75],"porosity,":[76],"particularly":[77],"dielectric":[81,120],"materials),":[82],"ultimate":[85],"potential":[86],"use":[88],"inline":[90],"process":[91],"control.":[92],"In":[93],"this":[94,129],"work":[95],"well-known":[97],"completely-filled":[98],"waveguide":[99],"used":[102,124],"measure":[104],"complex":[106],"permittivity":[107,127],"several":[109],"samples":[111],"varying":[113],"controlled":[114],"levels.":[116],"Subsequently,":[117],"two":[118],"existing":[119],"mixing":[121],"models":[122],"correlate":[126],"parameter":[130],"quantification":[132],"purposes.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
