{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283757088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc48687.2022.9806665","title":"Microwave Harmonic Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Imaging for Detecting Weak-Scattering Defects Exhibiting Nonlinear Behavior","display_name":"Microwave Harmonic Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Imaging for Detecting Weak-Scattering Defects Exhibiting Nonlinear Behavior","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283757088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc48687.2022.9806665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc48687.2022.9806665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc48687.2022.9806665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607934","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001019144","display_name":"C. Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5187-6358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University,Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE),Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECpE),Ames,Iowa,USA,50011"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University,Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE),Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECpE),Ames,Iowa,USA,50011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088505165","display_name":"Reza Zoughi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-1551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Zoughi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University,Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE),Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECpE),Ames,Iowa,USA,50011"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University,Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE),Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECpE),Ames,Iowa,USA,50011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001019144"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7142,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92123894,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.7524166107177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.6865159869194031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonic","display_name":"Harmonic","score":0.619581401348114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5949679613113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.579708993434906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5509230494499207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.5451556444168091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave-imaging","display_name":"Microwave imaging","score":0.525217592716217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.5026133060455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","score":0.49633270502090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.49486345052719116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4740947186946869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.45170414447784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nondestructive-testing","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","score":0.4420514404773712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.4285281300544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aperture","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","score":0.4209180176258087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3125019669532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.2244790494441986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.19386297464370728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12195515632629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.08321487903594971}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.7524166107177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.6865159869194031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127934551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148098","display_name":"Harmonic","level":2,"score":0.619581401348114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5949679613113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.579708993434906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5509230494499207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.5451556444168091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010029","display_name":"Microwave imaging","level":3,"score":0.525217592716217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.5026133060455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109094680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6060432","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","level":4,"score":0.49633270502090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.49486345052719116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4740947186946869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.45170414447784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56529433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626700","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","level":2,"score":0.4420514404773712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4285281300544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.4209180176258087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3125019669532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.2244790494441986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19386297464370728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12195515632629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.08321487903594971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc48687.2022.9806665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc48687.2022.9806665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607934","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W292612251","https://openalex.org/W1585528575","https://openalex.org/W1597918345","https://openalex.org/W1607528790","https://openalex.org/W1961385340","https://openalex.org/W1966828095","https://openalex.org/W1989450812","https://openalex.org/W2015224239","https://openalex.org/W2025804814","https://openalex.org/W2123317277","https://openalex.org/W2133668280","https://openalex.org/W2147373126","https://openalex.org/W2399293424","https://openalex.org/W2568239806","https://openalex.org/W2620079591","https://openalex.org/W2808828736","https://openalex.org/W2889971421","https://openalex.org/W3085643842","https://openalex.org/W3089187903","https://openalex.org/W3115993748","https://openalex.org/W3134823943","https://openalex.org/W6610465257","https://openalex.org/W6635854848","https://openalex.org/W6636364889","https://openalex.org/W6712628250","https://openalex.org/W6738592386"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038267831","https://openalex.org/W2166420232","https://openalex.org/W2755553906","https://openalex.org/W2372956209","https://openalex.org/W2185795057","https://openalex.org/W2042648357","https://openalex.org/W2124477775","https://openalex.org/W2143728857","https://openalex.org/W4283757088","https://openalex.org/W2627038877"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Microwave":[0],"harmonic":[1,54,82,88,123],"synthetic":[2],"aperture":[3],"radar":[4,89],"(SAR)":[5],"imaging":[6],"technique":[7],"is":[8],"investigated":[9],"for":[10,25],"detecting":[11],"weak-scattering":[12],"defects":[13],"that":[14,56,70],"produce":[15,52],"nonlinear":[16,49,112],"effect.":[17,113],"The":[18,114],"ability":[19],"to":[20,59,68],"generate":[21],"such":[22,111],"effect":[23],"allows":[24],"a":[26,97,101],"potentially":[27],"capable":[28,108],"nondestructive":[29],"evaluation":[30],"(NDE)":[31],"techniques":[32],"in":[33,45],"several":[34],"critical":[35],"applications,":[36],"particularly":[37],"those":[38],"involving":[39],"detection":[40],"of":[41,109,120],"surface-breaking":[42,102],"fatigue":[43],"cracks":[44],"metallic":[46,98],"structures.":[47],"These":[48],"effects":[50],"generally":[51],"weak":[53],"scattering":[55],"are":[57],"difficult":[58],"detect":[60],"using":[61,81,96],"normal":[62],"approaches.":[63],"Numerical":[64],"simulations":[65],"were":[66],"performed":[67],"illustrate":[69],"the":[71,118,121],"system":[72],"signal-to-noise":[73],"ratio":[74],"(SNR)":[75],"can":[76],"be":[77],"significantly":[78],"enhanced":[79],"by":[80],"SAR,":[83],"as":[84],"compared":[85],"with":[86,100],"traditional":[87],"single-antenna":[90],"measurement.":[91],"Illustrative":[92],"measurement":[93,115],"was":[94],"conducted":[95],"sample,":[99],"defect,":[103],"containing":[104],"metal-metal":[105],"(MM)":[106],"contacts":[107],"producing":[110],"results":[116],"confirm":[117],"validity":[119],"proposed":[122],"SAR":[124],"technique.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}