{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2972817399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2019.8827035","title":"An FPGA-based Time Sampling Charge Measurement Method for TOF-PET Detectors","display_name":"An FPGA-based Time Sampling Charge Measurement Method for TOF-PET Detectors","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2972817399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2019.8827035","mag":"2972817399"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc.2019.8827035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2019.8827035","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101752402","display_name":"Bo Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3697-6809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bo Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Modem Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Modem Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100334350","display_name":"Yonggang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4204-0073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonggang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Modem Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Modem Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103093710","display_name":"Qiang Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9004-7539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Modem Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Modem Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036378440","display_name":"Jie Kuang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Kuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Modem Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Modem Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102988607","display_name":"Mingchen Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingchen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Modem Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Modem Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005637139","display_name":"Xiaoyu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0893-5719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Modem Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Modem Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101752402"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1988,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79233001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2019","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11044","display_name":"Particle Detector Development and Performance","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7779043316841125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.715539276599884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5632695555686951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4987170696258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge","display_name":"Charge (physics)","score":0.4855020046234131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling-time","display_name":"Sampling time","score":0.4664444625377655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.34027278423309326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3127841353416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.24197271466255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10632050037384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07689017057418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0746898353099823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7779043316841125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.715539276599884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5632695555686951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4987170696258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188082385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73792","display_name":"Charge (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4855020046234131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987691683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling time","level":2,"score":0.4664444625377655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.34027278423309326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3127841353416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.24197271466255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10632050037384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07689017057418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0746898353099823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/i2mtc.2019.8827035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2019.8827035","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"mag:3042425387","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=201902227589972378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306512817","display_name":"IEEE Conference Proceedings","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Conference Proceedings","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967288335","https://openalex.org/W1971772932","https://openalex.org/W1990654892","https://openalex.org/W2014582038","https://openalex.org/W2078687484","https://openalex.org/W2104102730","https://openalex.org/W2233853856","https://openalex.org/W2238674894","https://openalex.org/W2316530841","https://openalex.org/W2507332535","https://openalex.org/W2753663502"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2365743651","https://openalex.org/W2037481744","https://openalex.org/W2363391165","https://openalex.org/W2388618054","https://openalex.org/W2063534976","https://openalex.org/W2352296208","https://openalex.org/W2980006224","https://openalex.org/W2052731181","https://openalex.org/W2146265231","https://openalex.org/W1002902646"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,100,126,151],"front-end":[1,174],"electronics":[2,175],"for":[3,29,65,176],"detectors":[4],"of":[5,21,90,108,128,149,166],"time-":[6],"of-flight":[7],"positron":[8],"emission":[9],"tomography":[10],"(TOF-PET)":[11],"is":[12,136,141],"required":[13],"to":[14,43,85,132],"read":[15],"out":[16],"the":[17,27,46,71,104,109,133,145,173],"time":[18,50,106],"and":[19,83,103,115,183],"energy":[20,47,101,134,147],"detected":[22],"$\\gamma$-events":[23],"simultaneously.":[24],"To":[25],"simplify":[26],"circuits":[28,57],"high":[30],"integration,":[31],"we":[32],"propose":[33],"an":[34],"amplitude":[35],"based":[36,153],"time-sampling":[37],"method":[38,72,131],"with":[39,70,76,96,122],"a":[40,77,86,91,97],"novel":[41],"algorithm":[42],"precisely":[44],"extract":[45],"information":[48],"from":[49],"measurement.":[51],"Therefore,":[52],"traditionally":[53],"two":[54],"independent":[55],"measuring":[56],"can":[58,179],"be":[59,180],"merged":[60],"without":[61],"losing":[62],"measurement":[63],"precision":[64],"each":[66],"item.":[67],"A":[68],"prototype":[69,154],"was":[73],"implemented":[74],"fully":[75],"field":[78],"programmable":[79],"gate":[80],"array":[81],"(FPGA),":[82],"applied":[84],"TOF-PET":[87,177],"detector":[88,110],"consisted":[89],"silicon":[92],"photomultiplier":[93],"(SiPM)":[94],"coupled":[95],"LYSO":[98],"crystal.":[99],"resolution":[102,107,135,148],"coincidence":[105],"were":[111],"measured":[112,137],"as":[113,138],"14.18%":[114],"316":[116],"ps":[117],"respectively,":[118],"which":[119,140],"are":[120],"comparable":[121],"traditional":[123],"separate":[124],"measurements.":[125],"contribution":[127],"our":[129],"new":[130],"5.9%,":[139],"much":[142],"small":[143],"than":[144],"intrinsic":[146],"detectors.":[150],"FPGA":[152,171],"design":[155],"demonstrates":[156],"not":[157],"only":[158],"its":[159,163],"effectiveness,":[160],"but":[161],"also":[162],"practicality.":[164],"Instead":[165],"ASIC":[167],"technology,":[168],"using":[169],"modern":[170],"chips,":[172],"scanners":[178],"equally":[181],"compact":[182],"power-efficient.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}