{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133558207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca68181.2026.11408575","title":"ORANGE: Exploring Ockham's Razor for Neural Rendering by Accelerating 3DGS on NPUs with GEMM-Friendly Blending and Balanced Workloads","display_name":"ORANGE: Exploring Ockham's Razor for Neural Rendering by Accelerating 3DGS on NPUs with GEMM-Friendly Blending and Balanced Workloads","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133558207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca68181.2026.11408575"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca68181.2026.11408575","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca68181.2026.11408575","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125419793","display_name":"Haomin Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haomin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128068802","display_name":"Yue Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017670541","display_name":"Fangxin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8769-293X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangxin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102402855","display_name":"Bowen Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowen Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107269495","display_name":"Zongwu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2157-4927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongwu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086085686","display_name":"Feng Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4745-5219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072265593","display_name":"Liqiang Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3801-6847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liqiang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101996965","display_name":"Lihua Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5483-5180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085406721","display_name":"Haibing Guan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibing Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5125419793"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60987451,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.3296999931335449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.3296999931335449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.1282999962568283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.03790000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.3668999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.2370000034570694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4645000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.3668999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.24400000274181366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.2370000034570694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.23469999432563782}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca68181.2026.11408575","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca68181.2026.11408575","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5952030521","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62402311","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":89,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2067118859","https://openalex.org/W2067523571","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2523702618","https://openalex.org/W2738551266","https://openalex.org/W2899915146","https://openalex.org/W2901982540","https://openalex.org/W2945146780","https://openalex.org/W3136656704","https://openalex.org/W3157707676","https://openalex.org/W3159535809","https://openalex.org/W3190062760","https://openalex.org/W3197816522","https://openalex.org/W3203570626","https://openalex.org/W3213528054","https://openalex.org/W3215769467","https://openalex.org/W4200150166","https://openalex.org/W4214564891","https://openalex.org/W4221151978","https://openalex.org/W4225287131","https://openalex.org/W4240168186","https://openalex.org/W4244024631","https://openalex.org/W4253012315","https://openalex.org/W4281707540","https://openalex.org/W4285102264","https://openalex.org/W4286759403","https://openalex.org/W4288083528","https://openalex.org/W4311806033","https://openalex.org/W4312120998","https://openalex.org/W4312234520","https://openalex.org/W4312258500","https://openalex.org/W4312280420","https://openalex.org/W4312926154","https://openalex.org/W4321488259","https://openalex.org/W4362553951","https://openalex.org/W4380874758","https://openalex.org/W4380874786","https://openalex.org/W4380875689","https://openalex.org/W4380881106","https://openalex.org/W4385275452","https://openalex.org/W4385318467","https://openalex.org/W4385527434","https://openalex.org/W4386076088","https://openalex.org/W4389491909","https://openalex.org/W4391506026","https://openalex.org/W4391800855","https://openalex.org/W4393406920","https://openalex.org/W4395106423","https://openalex.org/W4400819283","https://openalex.org/W4401211877","https://openalex.org/W4401523508","https://openalex.org/W4402660132","https://openalex.org/W4402702918","https://openalex.org/W4402713112","https://openalex.org/W4402716032","https://openalex.org/W4402716305","https://openalex.org/W4402727211","https://openalex.org/W4402727236","https://openalex.org/W4402727240","https://openalex.org/W4402727627","https://openalex.org/W4402727912","https://openalex.org/W4402733569","https://openalex.org/W4402753537","https://openalex.org/W4402753761","https://openalex.org/W4402753826","https://openalex.org/W4402753842","https://openalex.org/W4402771875","https://openalex.org/W4403635905","https://openalex.org/W4404002612","https://openalex.org/W4404134117","https://openalex.org/W4404520249","https://openalex.org/W4404600403","https://openalex.org/W4404954627","https://openalex.org/W4404954642","https://openalex.org/W4406265863","https://openalex.org/W4407197278","https://openalex.org/W4409248534","https://openalex.org/W4409248553","https://openalex.org/W4409248733","https://openalex.org/W4409262369","https://openalex.org/W4409346685","https://openalex.org/W4411486057","https://openalex.org/W4411486435","https://openalex.org/W4413014922","https://openalex.org/W4413145243","https://openalex.org/W4413156504","https://openalex.org/W4414197126","https://openalex.org/W4414322177"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"3D":[0,54],"Gaussian":[1],"Splatting":[2],"(3DGS)":[3],"is":[4,27,117],"an":[5],"emerging":[6],"neural":[7,204],"rendering":[8,66,205],"technique":[9],"that":[10,96,118,176],"delivers":[11],"efficient":[12],"and":[13,80,185,196,212],"high-fidelity":[14],"rendering,":[15],"meeting":[16],"the":[17,127,135,197,217],"growing":[18],"demands":[19],"of":[20,115,219],"applications":[21],"such":[22,42],"as":[23,43],"AR/VR.":[24],"As":[25],"3DGS":[26,63,107,129,194],"increasingly":[28],"integrated":[29],"into":[30],"diverse":[31],"applications,":[32],"DNNs":[33],"are":[34],"often":[35],"deployed":[36],"alongside":[37],"it":[38],"to":[39,69,104,132,145,169,180,192,216],"support":[40],"tasks":[41],"skeletal":[44],"pose":[45],"estimation":[46],"for":[47,53,62],"human":[48],"avatars":[49],"or":[50],"semantic":[51],"processing":[52],"perception.":[55],"Unfortunately,":[56],"existing":[57],"domain-specific":[58],"accelerators":[59,195],"(DSAs)":[60],"designed":[61],"excel":[64],"at":[65],"but":[67],"struggle":[68],"execute":[70,106],"DNN":[71],"workloads":[72],"efficiently.":[73],"Moreover,":[74],"these":[75,88],"DSAs":[76],"incur":[77],"significant":[78],"design":[79],"fabrication":[81],"costs,":[82],"limiting":[83],"their":[84],"practicality.":[85],"To":[86],"address":[87],"challenges,":[89],"we":[90,119,156],"propose":[91],"ORANGE,":[92],"a":[93,121,158,165,210],"novel":[94],"approach":[95,208],"enables":[97],"general-purpose":[98],"DNN-oriented":[99],"Neural":[100],"Processing":[101],"Units":[102],"(NPUs)":[103],"efficiently":[105],"without":[108,225],"requiring":[109],"specialized":[110,226],"accelerators.":[111],"The":[112],"key":[113],"insight":[114],"ORANGE":[116,177],"introduce":[120],"GEMM-friendly":[122],"blending":[123,130],"process,":[124],"which":[125],"reformulates":[126],"conventional":[128],"operation":[131],"fully":[133],"utilize":[134],"matrix":[136],"multiplication":[137],"units":[138],"prevalent":[139],"in":[140,203],"NPUs":[141],"during":[142],"rendering.":[143],"Additionally,":[144],"mitigate":[146],"workload":[147],"imbalances":[148],"caused":[149],"by":[150,222],"variable":[151],"execution":[152],"latencies":[153],"across":[154],"tiles,":[155],"develop":[157],"sampling-based":[159],"latency":[160],"prediction":[161],"method":[162],"paired":[163],"with":[164],"tile":[166],"batching":[167],"strategy":[168],"minimize":[170],"idle":[171],"computing":[172],"resources.":[173],"Experiments":[174],"demonstrate":[175],"achieves":[178],"up":[179],"<tex":[181,186],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[182,187],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$1.67":[183],"\\times$</tex>":[184,189],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$15.5":[188],"speedup":[190],"compared":[191],"state-of-the-art":[193],"NVIDIA":[198],"Xavier":[199],"NX":[200],"GPU,":[201],"respectively,":[202],"tasks.":[206],"Our":[207],"offers":[209],"cost-effective":[211],"versatile":[213],"solution,":[214],"adhering":[215],"principle":[218],"Ockham's":[220],"Razor":[221],"maximizing":[223],"efficiency":[224],"hardware.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-03-05T00:00:00"}