{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409248831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00087","title":"FHENDI: A Near-DRAM Accelerator for Compiler-Generated Fully Homomorphic Encryption Applications","display_name":"FHENDI: A Near-DRAM Accelerator for Compiler-Generated Fully Homomorphic Encryption Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409248831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00087","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00087","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041360729","display_name":"Yongmo Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8529-396X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongmo Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center,NY,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center,NY,USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072790406","display_name":"Aporva Amarnath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5345-2022"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aporva Amarnath","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center,NY,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center,NY,USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071648962","display_name":"Subhankar Pal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1564-7443"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subhankar Pal","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center,NY,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center,NY,USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102006304","display_name":"Karthik Swaminathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4799-7587"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karthik Swaminathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center,NY,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center,NY,USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044824009","display_name":"Alper Buyuktosunoglu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5341-8916"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alper Buyuktosunoglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center,NY,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center,NY,USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031760144","display_name":"Hayim Shaul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8432-0623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167297","display_name":"IBM Research - Haifa","ror":"https://ror.org/05rw9t746","country_code":"IL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210167297"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hayim Shaul","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research,Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research,Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167297"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011835299","display_name":"Ehud Aharoni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167297","display_name":"IBM Research - Haifa","ror":"https://ror.org/05rw9t746","country_code":"IL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210167297"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehud Aharoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research,Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research,Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167297"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051431512","display_name":"Nir Drucker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7273-4797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167297","display_name":"IBM Research - Haifa","ror":"https://ror.org/05rw9t746","country_code":"IL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210167297"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nir Drucker","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research,Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research,Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167297"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066881061","display_name":"Wei L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4731-1976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei D. Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan,MI,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan,MI,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073404482","display_name":"Omri Soceanu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167297","display_name":"IBM Research - Haifa","ror":"https://ror.org/05rw9t746","country_code":"IL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210167297"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omri Soceanu","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research,Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research,Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167297"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009866527","display_name":"Pradip Bose","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1380-5671"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pradip Bose","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center,NY,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center,NY,USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041360729"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5798,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96982815,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1127","last_page":"1142"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8220109939575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.7623392343521118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7492814660072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.6843122243881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.43788641691207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3960471749305725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.33973070979118347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.30668073892593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.18690606951713562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8220109939575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.7623392343521118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7492814660072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.6843122243881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.43788641691207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3960471749305725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.33973070979118347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.30668073892593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.18690606951713562}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00087","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00087","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W107524893","https://openalex.org/W1850468005","https://openalex.org/W1970415877","https://openalex.org/W1976186353","https://openalex.org/W1981943579","https://openalex.org/W1983394510","https://openalex.org/W1996983051","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2052753706","https://openalex.org/W2061171222","https://openalex.org/W2073086065","https://openalex.org/W2092324191","https://openalex.org/W2141389982","https://openalex.org/W2164309468","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2226167778","https://openalex.org/W2612654866","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2794974431","https://openalex.org/W2795187181","https://openalex.org/W2897709121","https://openalex.org/W2899140612","https://openalex.org/W2903536544","https://openalex.org/W2942711826","https://openalex.org/W2969388332","https://openalex.org/W2981801946","https://openalex.org/W2982008795","https://openalex.org/W3006531732","https://openalex.org/W3012235108","https://openalex.org/W3013520805","https://openalex.org/W3042006926","https://openalex.org/W3094696138","https://openalex.org/W3147974890","https://openalex.org/W3154621712","https://openalex.org/W3173128495","https://openalex.org/W3178032791","https://openalex.org/W3189166979","https://openalex.org/W3191503410","https://openalex.org/W3204445038","https://openalex.org/W3207326900","https://openalex.org/W3212346739","https://openalex.org/W4200628863","https://openalex.org/W4226281516","https://openalex.org/W4250492047","https://openalex.org/W4280496502","https://openalex.org/W4280542458","https://openalex.org/W4281609193","https://openalex.org/W4281792301","https://openalex.org/W4285137813","https://openalex.org/W4302734258","https://openalex.org/W4307925365","https://openalex.org/W4308016342","https://openalex.org/W4308219437","https://openalex.org/W4315706064","https://openalex.org/W4360831815","https://openalex.org/W4380881143","https://openalex.org/W4380881178","https://openalex.org/W4384705347","https://openalex.org/W4385201710","https://openalex.org/W4386328210","https://openalex.org/W4388208193","https://openalex.org/W4388857792","https://openalex.org/W4388925834","https://openalex.org/W4389491906","https://openalex.org/W4390698576","https://openalex.org/W4392746501","https://openalex.org/W4392753673","https://openalex.org/W4393241081","https://openalex.org/W4393407315","https://openalex.org/W4394585853","https://openalex.org/W4400020745","https://openalex.org/W4401211587","https://openalex.org/W4406309620","https://openalex.org/W6734345949","https://openalex.org/W6756718674","https://openalex.org/W6778434676","https://openalex.org/W6809544605","https://openalex.org/W6851956508","https://openalex.org/W6858631402","https://openalex.org/W7067201269"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3120961607","https://openalex.org/W4401568740","https://openalex.org/W3148568549","https://openalex.org/W2098207691","https://openalex.org/W4408218896","https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W4406779505","https://openalex.org/W1648516568","https://openalex.org/W361036515","https://openalex.org/W4403623784"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"homomorphic":[1],"encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"is":[4,190],"a":[5,72,81,168,217,255,264],"powerful":[6],"cryptographic":[7],"technique":[8],"that":[9,92,107,178,251],"enables":[10,179],"computation":[11,213],"on":[12,52,242],"encrypted":[13],"data":[14,28,102,129],"without":[15],"needing":[16],"to":[17,30,49,124],"decrypt":[18],"it.":[19],"It":[20],"has":[21],"broad":[22],"applications":[23,42],"in":[24,33,37,105,185,201,234],"scenarios":[25],"where":[26],"sensitive":[27],"needs":[29],"be":[31],"processed":[32],"the":[34,59,94,146,164,194,208,225,235,270],"cloud":[35],"or":[36],"other":[38],"untrusted":[39],"environments.":[40],"FHE":[41,88,106,126,203,276],"are":[43,252],"both":[44],"compute-":[45],"and":[46,116,128,156,182,220,244,249,267,274,279,288],"memory-intensive,":[47],"owing":[48],"expensive":[50,67],"operations":[51,127,184,199],"large":[53,158],"data.":[54],"While":[55],"prior":[56],"works":[57],"address":[58],"challenges":[60,140],"of":[61,111,122,133,148,196,224,237,283],"efficient":[62,180],"compute":[63],"using":[64,231,254],"dedicated":[65],"hardware,":[66],"memory":[68,159,209],"transfers":[69],"still":[70],"remain":[71],"major":[73,139],"limiting":[74],"factor.":[75],"In":[76],"this":[77],"work,":[78],"we":[79,206],"propose":[80],"hierarchical":[82],"near-DRAM":[83],"processing":[84],"(NDP)":[85],"solution":[86],"for":[87,143],"applications,":[89],"called":[90,258],"FHENDI,":[91],"harnesses":[93],"massive":[95],"DRAM":[96,226],"bank":[97],"bandwidth.":[98],"We":[99,162,228,260],"observe":[100],"various":[101],"access":[103,160,210],"patterns":[104],"reveal":[108],"distinct":[109],"levels":[110,121],"parallelism:":[112],"element-wise,":[113],"limb-wise,":[114],"coefficient-wise,":[115],"ciphertext-wise.":[117],"FHENDI":[118,230,262],"exploits":[119],"these":[120],"parallelism":[123,222],"map":[125],"onto":[130],"different":[131],"hierarchies":[132],"our":[134],"design,":[135],"while":[136],"addressing":[137],"three":[138],"with":[141,263],"NDP":[142],"FHE:":[144],"(i)":[145],"lack":[147],"bank-to-bank":[149],"communication":[150],"support,":[151],"(ii)":[152],"limited":[153],"die-to-die":[154],"bandwidth,":[155],"(iii)":[157],"latencies.":[161],"resolve":[163],"first":[165],"problem":[166,189],"through":[167],"novel,":[169],"conflict-free":[170],"mapping":[171],"algorithm":[172],"built":[173],"atop":[174],"localized":[175],"permutation":[176],"networks":[177],"element-wise":[181],"butterfly":[183],"FHE.":[186],"The":[187],"second":[188],"addressed":[191],"by":[192,215],"pipelining":[193],"execution":[195],"parallel":[197],"bootstrap":[198],"observed":[200],"compiled":[202],"workloads.":[204],"Finally,":[205],"hide":[207],"latency":[211,214],"behind":[212],"exploiting":[216],"dual-banking":[218],"scheme":[219],"subarray-level":[221],"(SLP)":[223],"banks.":[227],"evaluate":[229],"representative":[232],"workloads":[233],"domains":[236],"privacy-preserving":[238],"machine":[239],"learning":[240],"inference":[241],"CNNs":[243],"Transformers,":[245],"database":[246],"range":[247],"query,":[248],"sorting,":[250],"obtained":[253],"compiler":[256],"framework":[257],"HElayers.":[259],"compare":[261],"server-class":[265],"CPU":[266],"GPU":[268],"running":[269],"state-of-the-art":[271],"HEaaN":[272],"library,":[273],"an":[275],"accelerator":[277],"ASIC,":[278],"report":[280],"mean":[281],"speedups":[282],"$2145.8":[284],"\\times,":[285],"118.29":[286],"\\times$,":[287,290],"$2.45":[289],"respectively.":[291]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
