{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409248625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00078","title":"AutoRFM: Scaling Low-Cost in-DRAM Trackers to Ultra-Low Rowhammer Thresholds","display_name":"AutoRFM: Scaling Low-Cost in-DRAM Trackers to Ultra-Low Rowhammer Thresholds","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409248625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00078"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00078","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082772077","display_name":"Moinuddin K. Qureshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1314-9096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Moinuddin Qureshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082772077"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9111,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.961923,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"991","last_page":"1004"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10500","display_name":"Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.9039801359176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.5969823598861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49595364928245544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3842156231403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.2538471221923828}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.9039801359176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.5969823598861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49595364928245544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3842156231403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2538471221923828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00078","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597555784","https://openalex.org/W2157116240","https://openalex.org/W2163563130","https://openalex.org/W2537014044","https://openalex.org/W2807401673","https://openalex.org/W2949951157","https://openalex.org/W2962726564","https://openalex.org/W2974891422","https://openalex.org/W3015685940","https://openalex.org/W3042829099","https://openalex.org/W3046609696","https://openalex.org/W3093837422","https://openalex.org/W3102933117","https://openalex.org/W3105648728","https://openalex.org/W3147974890","https://openalex.org/W3157763265","https://openalex.org/W3193730902","https://openalex.org/W3207641784","https://openalex.org/W4214481814","https://openalex.org/W4225307263","https://openalex.org/W4233459511","https://openalex.org/W4280584183","https://openalex.org/W4281916312","https://openalex.org/W4288057786","https://openalex.org/W4308083593","https://openalex.org/W4308084251","https://openalex.org/W4360605753","https://openalex.org/W4360831792","https://openalex.org/W4360831957","https://openalex.org/W4380875579","https://openalex.org/W4385679822","https://openalex.org/W4385679852","https://openalex.org/W4385688937","https://openalex.org/W4389476207","https://openalex.org/W4393407287","https://openalex.org/W4395020658","https://openalex.org/W4400141848","https://openalex.org/W4401211773","https://openalex.org/W4401211861","https://openalex.org/W4404954327","https://openalex.org/W4404954383","https://openalex.org/W4404955116","https://openalex.org/W4407219659","https://openalex.org/W6638337918","https://openalex.org/W6849910586","https://openalex.org/W6910007746","https://openalex.org/W6947794927"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3120961607","https://openalex.org/W4401568740","https://openalex.org/W3148568549","https://openalex.org/W2098207691","https://openalex.org/W1648516568","https://openalex.org/W361036515","https://openalex.org/W2161286015"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In-DRAM":[0,19],"Rowhammer":[1,9],"mitigation":[2,20,138,167,182],"has":[3],"the":[4,8,17,25,32,37,58,67,78,96,141,146,156,172,192,196,204,221,229,239,266,289],"potential":[5,294],"to":[6,100,114,118,140,154,175,191,207,220,228,237,265,279,313],"solve":[7],"problem":[10],"without":[11,144,185,261],"relying":[12],"on":[13,66,168],"other":[14],"parts":[15],"of":[16,40,83,87,103,110,171,297,317,327],"system.":[18],"requires":[21],"space":[22],"(to":[23,30],"identify":[24,53],"aggressor":[26,54],"rows)":[27],"and":[28,165,291,304],"time":[29,59,139],"perform":[31,166],"victim":[33],"refresh).":[34],"To":[35,56],"reduce":[36],"storage":[38],"overheads":[39],"tracking,":[41],"recent":[42,97],"works":[43,215],"have":[44,278],"developed":[45],"secure":[46],"low-cost":[47,116,311],"in-DRAM":[48],"trackers":[49,64,117,312],"that":[50,135,178,253,272,308],"can":[51,89,136,254],"probabilistically":[52],"rows.":[55],"obtain":[57],"required":[60],"for":[61,80,295],"mitigation,":[62,195],"these":[63],"rely":[65],"Refresh":[68],"Management":[69],"(RFM)":[70],"command":[71],"introduced":[72],"in":[73,151],"DDR5.":[74],"As":[75,213],"RFM":[76,88,133],"stalls":[77],"bank":[79,161,223],"a":[81,101,131,210,249,273,315],"latency":[82],"200ns-400ns,":[84],"frequent":[85],"use":[86,233],"cause":[90],"significant":[91],"slowdowns.":[92],"For":[93],"example,":[94],"scaling":[95],"MINT":[98],"tracker":[99],"threshold":[102,316],"100":[104],"incurs":[105],"33%":[106],"slowdown.":[107,126],"The":[108,148],"goal":[109],"this":[111],"paper":[112,128],"is":[113,153],"enable":[115],"tolerate":[119,255,314],"ultralow":[120],"thresholds":[121],"(sub-100)":[122],"while":[123,322],"incurring":[124,323],"negligible":[125],"This":[127],"proposes":[129],"AutoRFM,":[130],"transparent":[132],"mechanism":[134],"provide":[137],"DRAM":[142,197],"chips":[143],"stalling":[145],"bank.":[147],"key":[149],"insight":[150],"AutoRFM":[152,214,309],"leverage":[155],"subarray":[157,193],"structure":[158],"(e.g.":[159],"each":[160],"contains":[162],"256":[163],"subarrays)":[164],"only":[169,328],"one":[170],"subarrays.":[173],"Operations":[174],"all":[176],"subarrays":[177],"are":[179,183],"not":[180,225,277],"under":[181,194],"serviced":[184],"any":[186,293],"interruption.":[187],"If":[188],"activation":[189],"occurs":[190],"chip":[198],"sends":[199],"an":[200,324],"ALERT":[201],"signal":[202],"informing":[203],"Memory":[205,235],"Controller":[206],"retry":[208],"after":[209],"predefined":[211],"time.":[212],"best":[216],"if":[217],"consecutive":[218],"requests":[219],"same":[222,230,267],"do":[224],"get":[226],"mapped":[227],"subarray,":[231],"we":[232,246],"Randomized":[234],"Mapping":[236],"break":[238],"spatial":[240],"correlation":[241],"between":[242],"memory":[243],"accesses.":[244],"Furthermore,":[245],"also":[247],"develop":[248],"Fractal":[250],"Mitigation":[251],"Algorithm":[252],"transitive":[256],"attacks":[257],"(such":[258],"as":[259,318,320],"Half-Double)":[260],"requiring":[262],"recursive":[263],"mitigations":[264],"subarray.":[268],"Our":[269,299],"design":[270],"ensures":[271],"declined":[274],"request":[275],"does":[276],"wait":[280],"more":[281],"than":[282],"200":[283],"ns":[284],"before":[285],"retrying,":[286],"thus":[287],"limiting":[288],"slowdown":[290,326],"avoiding":[292],"denial":[296],"service.":[298],"evaluations,":[300],"with":[301],"SPEC,":[302],"GAP,":[303],"stream":[305],"workloads,":[306],"show":[307],"enables":[310],"low":[319],"74":[321],"average":[325],"3.1%.":[329]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
