{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409248526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00041","title":"Efficient Memory Side-Channel Protection for Embedding Generation in Machine Learning","display_name":"Efficient Memory Side-Channel Protection for Embedding Generation in Machine Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409248526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00041"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00041","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101745977","display_name":"Muhammad Umar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9911-1111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Umar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Akhilesh Parag Marathe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akhilesh Parag Marathe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085377244","display_name":"Monami Dutta Gupta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monami Dutta Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shubham Jogprakash Ghosh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shubham Jogprakash Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024329178","display_name":"G. Edward Suh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6409-9888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Edward Suh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008550066","display_name":"Wenjie Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7626-2651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjie Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101745977"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4566,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93720705,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"423","last_page":"441"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9228000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.7009232044219971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6723482608795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5725470185279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32650166749954224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3080979585647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.15443262457847595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.7009232044219971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6723482608795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5725470185279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32650166749954224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3080979585647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.15443262457847595}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00041","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":109,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1548777816","https://openalex.org/W1904738922","https://openalex.org/W1934458198","https://openalex.org/W1978703818","https://openalex.org/W1988374166","https://openalex.org/W1992741024","https://openalex.org/W2011491452","https://openalex.org/W2025539306","https://openalex.org/W2036329595","https://openalex.org/W2051576234","https://openalex.org/W2052207834","https://openalex.org/W2096828726","https://openalex.org/W2117241830","https://openalex.org/W2143020967","https://openalex.org/W2150620897","https://openalex.org/W2166247408","https://openalex.org/W2166293920","https://openalex.org/W2239632431","https://openalex.org/W2255548496","https://openalex.org/W2406174928","https://openalex.org/W2475334473","https://openalex.org/W2540100037","https://openalex.org/W2567113185","https://openalex.org/W2612997195","https://openalex.org/W2613970414","https://openalex.org/W2616901112","https://openalex.org/W2723293840","https://openalex.org/W2793957616","https://openalex.org/W2794733520","https://openalex.org/W2794926610","https://openalex.org/W2796933658","https://openalex.org/W2905380323","https://openalex.org/W2905418916","https://openalex.org/W2935085295","https://openalex.org/W2947561435","https://openalex.org/W2947737663","https://openalex.org/W2962745591","https://openalex.org/W2963347649","https://openalex.org/W2973172293","https://openalex.org/W2974645258","https://openalex.org/W2979547870","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W2984020950","https://openalex.org/W2995394700","https://openalex.org/W3016842236","https://openalex.org/W3021475380","https://openalex.org/W3043433718","https://openalex.org/W3047462776","https://openalex.org/W3157477139","https://openalex.org/W3158146252","https://openalex.org/W3169936356","https://openalex.org/W3188783832","https://openalex.org/W3190597741","https://openalex.org/W3197795418","https://openalex.org/W3206393216","https://openalex.org/W3212058523","https://openalex.org/W3214028308","https://openalex.org/W3214691374","https://openalex.org/W4214757266","https://openalex.org/W4226229987","https://openalex.org/W4230464498","https://openalex.org/W4233119454","https://openalex.org/W4234453167","https://openalex.org/W4242926647","https://openalex.org/W4243627498","https://openalex.org/W4246001895","https://openalex.org/W4256367411","https://openalex.org/W4280633167","https://openalex.org/W4282927366","https://openalex.org/W4283696039","https://openalex.org/W4311165943","https://openalex.org/W4312663929","https://openalex.org/W4327911479","https://openalex.org/W4327930478","https://openalex.org/W4380874757","https://openalex.org/W4380881110","https://openalex.org/W4380881129","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4388858680","https://openalex.org/W4394871727","https://openalex.org/W4394998522","https://openalex.org/W4395106389","https://openalex.org/W6604693346","https://openalex.org/W6627928013","https://openalex.org/W6637116351","https://openalex.org/W6712237015","https://openalex.org/W6718865826","https://openalex.org/W6719314992","https://openalex.org/W6720892955","https://openalex.org/W6743783450","https://openalex.org/W6753937820","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6755519418","https://openalex.org/W6755977528","https://openalex.org/W6756536652","https://openalex.org/W6760122430","https://openalex.org/W6764601103","https://openalex.org/W6766549611","https://openalex.org/W6766700459","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6767376331","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6789141709","https://openalex.org/W6800286734","https://openalex.org/W6842421276","https://openalex.org/W6850625674","https://openalex.org/W6853517571","https://openalex.org/W6858023062","https://openalex.org/W7047841372"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4323824501","https://openalex.org/W2081900870","https://openalex.org/W2355552010","https://openalex.org/W2136687465","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2159609636","https://openalex.org/W3196561854"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"machine":[1],"learning":[2,16],"(ML)":[3],"models":[4,18,31,39],"need":[5],"to":[6,25,47,58,69,84,89,100,109,123,176,201,223,239,246],"process":[7,40],"both":[8,170],"continuous":[9],"and":[10,28,147,153,164,172,199,242],"categorical/discrete":[11],"feature":[12,66],"values,":[13],"e.g.,":[14],"deep":[15],"recommendation":[17],"(DLRMs)":[19],"rely":[20],"on":[21,151,183,252],"users\u2019":[22],"categorical":[23],"features":[24,43],"make":[26],"recommendations,":[27],"large":[29,196],"language":[30],"(LLMs)":[32],"take":[33],"discrete":[34,42],"words/tokens":[35],"as":[36,61,82],"input.":[37],"ML":[38],"such":[41,81],"by":[44,145,191,221,237,244],"converting":[45],"them":[46],"numerical":[48],"vectors":[49],"called":[50],"embeddings.":[51],"Unfortunately,":[52],"embedding":[53,74,111,130,140,142,197],"table":[54,62,112,143],"lookups":[55],"are":[56],"vulnerable":[57],"side-channel":[59,134],"attacks,":[60],"indices":[63],"leak":[64],"input":[65],"values.":[67],"Due":[68],"the":[70,73,90,139,177,206,217,234,253],"size":[71],"of":[72,138],"tables,":[75,198],"using":[76,230],"conventional":[77,178],"oblivious":[78],"computing":[79],"techniques":[80],"ORAM":[83,179,208],"protect":[85],"memory":[86,173,219],"access":[87],"patterns":[88],"tables":[91],"incur":[92],"significant":[93],"overhead.":[94],"In":[95],"this":[96],"paper,":[97],"we":[98],"propose":[99],"use":[101],"a":[102,159,227],"different":[103],"technique,":[104],"Deep":[105],"Hash":[106],"Embedding":[107],"(DHE),":[108],"secure":[110],"accesses,":[113],"even":[114],"though":[115],"it":[116],"is":[117],"not":[118],"commonly":[119],"used":[120],"today":[121],"due":[122],"its":[124],"compute-intensive":[125],"nature.":[126],"We":[127],"investigate":[128],"three":[129],"generation":[131],"methods":[132],"with":[133,256],"protection:":[135],"linear":[136,165],"scan":[137,166],"table,":[141],"protected":[144],"ORAM,":[146,250],"DHE.":[148],"Our":[149],"experiments":[150],"DLRMs":[152],"LLMs":[154],"show":[155],"that":[156],"DHE":[157,163,231],"or":[158],"hybrid":[160,187],"scheme":[161,188],"combining":[162],"can":[167],"significantly":[168],"improve":[169],"performance":[171,190],"footprint":[174,220],"compared":[175],"protection.":[180],"For":[181,226],"DLRM":[182],"Criteo":[184],"datasets,":[185],"our":[186],"improves":[189],"about":[192],"$4":[193],"\\times$":[194,203,241,248],"for":[195],"up":[200,222,233,238,245],"$3.08":[202],"end-to-end":[204],"over":[205,249],"optimized":[207],"baseline":[209],"without":[210],"any":[211],"loss":[212],"in":[213],"accuracy,":[214],"while":[215],"reducing":[216],"model":[218],"$1116":[224],"\\times$.":[225],"GPT-2":[228],"LLM,":[229],"speeds":[232],"prompt":[235],"prefill":[236],"$1.32":[240],"decoding":[243],"$1.07":[247],"depending":[251],"batch":[254],"size,":[255],"comparable":[257],"output":[258],"quality.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}