{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409248636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00040","title":"BrokenSleep: Remote Power Timing Attack Exploiting Processor Idle States","display_name":"BrokenSleep: Remote Power Timing Attack Exploiting Processor Idle States","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409248636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00040","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067526066","display_name":"Hyosang Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8140-9534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyosang Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["DGIST"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DGIST","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072540697","display_name":"Ki-Dong Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3778-5978"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ki-Dong Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETRI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETRI","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060320492","display_name":"Gyeongseo Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-5447"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gyeongseo Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETRI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETRI","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018248798","display_name":"Seungkyu Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-9285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungkyu Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["DGIST"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DGIST","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101885459","display_name":"Daehoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0837-0877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daehoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yonsei University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yonsei University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067526066"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2604,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77405157,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"409","last_page":"422"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9729999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idle","display_name":"Idle","score":0.9222639799118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7119861841201782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5576984882354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4072694182395935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.26486295461654663}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16320812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1812200","display_name":"Idle","level":2,"score":0.9222639799118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7119861841201782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5576984882354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4072694182395935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.26486295461654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca61900.2025.00040","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1934458198","https://openalex.org/W1979037552","https://openalex.org/W1979660776","https://openalex.org/W1983159352","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2009889303","https://openalex.org/W2017371166","https://openalex.org/W2081379617","https://openalex.org/W2107691219","https://openalex.org/W2149425139","https://openalex.org/W2162826105","https://openalex.org/W2208805312","https://openalex.org/W2347032234","https://openalex.org/W2744774028","https://openalex.org/W2883386075","https://openalex.org/W2883691816","https://openalex.org/W2891810898","https://openalex.org/W2892196684","https://openalex.org/W2925744458","https://openalex.org/W2935014333","https://openalex.org/W2967018380","https://openalex.org/W2978325751","https://openalex.org/W3015942900","https://openalex.org/W3016623367","https://openalex.org/W3033571618","https://openalex.org/W3042422567","https://openalex.org/W3096858084","https://openalex.org/W3153001680","https://openalex.org/W3188783832","https://openalex.org/W3199069885","https://openalex.org/W3205941417","https://openalex.org/W4211208539","https://openalex.org/W4308083498","https://openalex.org/W4380881129","https://openalex.org/W4391725337","https://openalex.org/W6640935840","https://openalex.org/W6720847109","https://openalex.org/W6766358063","https://openalex.org/W6801396501","https://openalex.org/W6852252792","https://openalex.org/W6852727768","https://openalex.org/W6858752521","https://openalex.org/W6902533906","https://openalex.org/W7039814208"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2974485871","https://openalex.org/W1577119738","https://openalex.org/W2908872315","https://openalex.org/W1600399803","https://openalex.org/W4235210722","https://openalex.org/W4388633481","https://openalex.org/W2994960476"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Power":[0],"and":[1,37,99,133,178,200],"energy":[2],"consumption":[3],"emerge":[4],"as":[5],"critical":[6],"aspects":[7],"in":[8,31,62],"computing":[9,102,159],"systems,":[10],"spanning":[11],"from":[12,82],"mobile":[13],"devices":[14],"to":[15,33,60,96,171,188],"data-center":[16],"servers.":[17],"Modern":[18],"processors":[19,195],"typically":[20],"support":[21],"idle":[22,84],"states":[23,39],"(i.e.,":[24,40],"C-states),":[25],"which":[26,89],"deactivate":[27],"specific":[28],"hardware":[29,209],"components,":[30],"addition":[32],"offering":[34],"multiple":[35],"voltage":[36],"frequency":[38],"P-states).":[41],"While":[42],"C-states":[43,67],"can":[44,168],"significantly":[45,143],"reduce":[46],"static":[47],"power":[48,119],"when":[49,68],"processor":[50,70,83,191],"cores":[51,71],"are":[52],"idle,":[53],"a":[54,78,189,203],"notable":[55],"security":[56,79],"vulnerability":[57,80,184],"arises":[58],"due":[59],"differences":[61,95],"wake-up":[63,93],"latency":[64,94],"among":[65],"various":[66],"the":[69,91,112,122,129,137,145,158,180],"become":[72],"active":[73],"again.":[74],"This":[75,109,141,183],"paper":[76],"proposes":[77],"arising":[81],"state":[85],"management,":[86,120],"called":[87],"BrokenSleep,":[88],"exploits":[90],"aforementioned":[92],"create":[97],"covert":[98],"side-channel":[100],"between":[101],"nodes":[103],"connected":[104],"via":[105],"an":[106,166],"external":[107],"network.":[108],"study":[110],"presents":[111],"first":[113],"remote":[114,149,172],"timing":[115,150],"attack":[116],"based":[117],"on":[118,136],"overcoming":[121],"limitations":[123],"of":[124,131,147,157],"previous":[125],"research":[126],"that":[127,165],"required":[128],"co-location":[130],"attacker":[132,167],"victim":[134],"applications":[135],"same":[138],"local":[139],"machine.":[140],"advancement":[142],"extends":[144],"range":[146],"existing":[148],"attacks":[151],"by":[152,197],"integrating":[153],"power-related":[154],"factors.":[155],"Regardless":[156],"system":[160],"types,":[161],"our":[162],"experiments":[163],"demonstrate":[164],"transfer":[169],"data":[170],"machines":[173],"without":[174],"direct":[175],"network":[176],"access":[177],"deduce":[179],"keystroke":[181],"timing.":[182],"is":[185],"not":[186],"confined":[187],"single":[190],"architecture;":[192],"it":[193],"affects":[194],"designed":[196],"both":[198],"Intel":[199],"ARM,":[201],"indicating":[202],"widespread":[204],"potential":[205],"risk":[206],"across":[207],"different":[208],"platforms.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}