{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4360831851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10071093","title":"Realizing Extreme Endurance Through Fault-aware Wear Leveling and Improved Tolerance","display_name":"Realizing Extreme Endurance Through Fault-aware Wear Leveling and Improved Tolerance","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4360831851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10071093"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10071093","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10071093","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100771252","display_name":"Jiangwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2155-6318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiangwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Department of Electronic Engineering","Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Department of Electronic Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080163349","display_name":"Chong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8028-006X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Department of Electronic Engineering","Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Department of Electronic Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103138440","display_name":"Zhenhua Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9259-7180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhua Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Department of Electronic Engineering","Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Department of Electronic Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060526501","display_name":"Donald Kline","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158342","display_name":"Intel (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/058cxws58","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700","https://openalex.org/I4210158342"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald Kline","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030875484","display_name":"Alex K. Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7498-0206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex K. Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023755254","display_name":"Huazhong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-353X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huazhong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Department of Electronic Engineering","Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Department of Electronic Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100445061","display_name":"Yu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6108-5157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Department of Electronic Engineering","Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Department of Electronic Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100771252"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.232,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75690955,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"964","last_page":"976"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spare-part","display_name":"Spare part","score":0.6929796934127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/row","display_name":"Row","score":0.6860508918762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.6680623292922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.6359115839004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6269426941871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.521416425704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/row-and-column-spaces","display_name":"Row and column spaces","score":0.4663704037666321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4365251660346985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.43552166223526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.41727495193481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.32459595799446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3060336709022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.28403496742248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2051168978214264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12331971526145935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12177965044975281}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194648553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364774","display_name":"Spare part","level":2,"score":0.6929796934127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135598885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366302","display_name":"Row","level":2,"score":0.6860508918762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6680623292922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.6359115839004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6269426941871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.521416425704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104140500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088159","display_name":"Row and column spaces","level":3,"score":0.4663704037666321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4365251660346985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.43552166223526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.41727495193481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.32459595799446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3060336709022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.28403496742248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2051168978214264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12331971526145935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12177965044975281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10071093","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10071093","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980073965","https://openalex.org/W1989660200","https://openalex.org/W1992987627","https://openalex.org/W1997403169","https://openalex.org/W2001217269","https://openalex.org/W2053376043","https://openalex.org/W2056029467","https://openalex.org/W2094043668","https://openalex.org/W2097823832","https://openalex.org/W2098463429","https://openalex.org/W2110569472","https://openalex.org/W2112753327","https://openalex.org/W2115500527","https://openalex.org/W2125223858","https://openalex.org/W2134633067","https://openalex.org/W2155462575","https://openalex.org/W2345165652","https://openalex.org/W2396194837","https://openalex.org/W2510186576","https://openalex.org/W2541400326","https://openalex.org/W2612145524","https://openalex.org/W2626265663","https://openalex.org/W2753236227","https://openalex.org/W2761149222","https://openalex.org/W2768577123","https://openalex.org/W2774677654","https://openalex.org/W2798514405","https://openalex.org/W2807401673","https://openalex.org/W2809408539","https://openalex.org/W2883332806","https://openalex.org/W2889258022","https://openalex.org/W2898665719","https://openalex.org/W2900422168","https://openalex.org/W2910602641","https://openalex.org/W2944031291","https://openalex.org/W2963744893","https://openalex.org/W2971503752","https://openalex.org/W2997510972","https://openalex.org/W2998685691","https://openalex.org/W2999811406","https://openalex.org/W3005999147","https://openalex.org/W3013080934","https://openalex.org/W3016328769","https://openalex.org/W3048250083","https://openalex.org/W3110371609","https://openalex.org/W3116945795","https://openalex.org/W3126646724","https://openalex.org/W3130528636","https://openalex.org/W3145535897","https://openalex.org/W3149870888","https://openalex.org/W3174376055","https://openalex.org/W4231426088","https://openalex.org/W4234463937","https://openalex.org/W4238185613","https://openalex.org/W4240862857","https://openalex.org/W4241095305","https://openalex.org/W4242601976","https://openalex.org/W4250599615","https://openalex.org/W4280627027","https://openalex.org/W6680280441","https://openalex.org/W6728851126","https://openalex.org/W6762376267"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2313440505","https://openalex.org/W3123744736","https://openalex.org/W1505848319","https://openalex.org/W2137691148","https://openalex.org/W2905020035","https://openalex.org/W4281399881","https://openalex.org/W2433052208","https://openalex.org/W3166006430","https://openalex.org/W4281971614","https://openalex.org/W2096502566"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Phase-change":[0],"memory":[1,5,12,301],"(PCM)":[2],"and":[3,17,48,87,111,128,172,248,261,287],"resistive":[4],"(RRAM)":[6],"are":[7,27,236],"promising":[8],"alternatives":[9],"to":[10,29,69,89,100,105,124,132,148,152,168,195,216,238,285],"traditional":[11,90],"technologies.":[13],"However,":[14],"both":[15],"PCM":[16],"RRAM":[18],"suffer":[19],"from":[20],"limited":[21],"write":[22,102],"endurance.":[23],"Wear-leveling":[24],"(WL)":[25],"techniques":[26,67],"essential":[28],"extend":[30,53],"the":[31,41,54,62,106,109,113,142,192,219,252,264,278,291,305],"lifetime":[32,55,255,302],"of":[33,108,115,204,222],"these":[34,281],"memories":[35],"before":[36,234],"experiencing":[37],"endurance":[38],"faults.":[39],"Beyond":[40],"additional":[42],"usage":[43],"afforded":[44],"by":[45,256],"WL,":[46,138,294],"row-sparing":[47],"focused":[49],"error":[50,163,213,231],"correction":[51,164,214,232],"can":[52],"further":[56,217,283],"after":[57],"wear":[58,133,157],"faults":[59,171],"appear.":[60],"Unfortunately,":[61],"need":[63],"for":[64,146],"extended":[65],"WL":[66,98],"continues":[68],"become":[70],"more":[71,84],"pressing":[72],"as":[73,83,257,259],"scaling":[74,79],"exacerbates":[75],"process":[76],"variation.":[77],"Similarly,":[78],"causes":[80],"challenges":[81],"such":[82],"severe":[85],"noise":[86],"crosstalk":[88],"DRAM.In":[91],"this":[92],"paper,":[93],"we":[94,190,228],"propose":[95],"novel":[96],"fault-aware":[97],"schemes":[99,123,165],"allocate":[101],"frequencies":[103],"according":[104],"strength":[107],"rows":[110,127,144],"handle":[112],"imbalance":[114],"writes":[116],"in":[117,263],"columns.":[118],"We":[119],"use":[120],"runtime":[121],"detection":[122],"identify":[125],"weak":[126],"protect":[129],"them":[130],"prior":[131],"out.":[134,158],"In":[135,277],"particular,":[136],"row-level":[137,270],"aka":[139],"RETROFIT,":[140],"leverages":[141],"spare":[143,183],"provided":[145],"redundancy":[147],"be":[149],"used":[150,237],"strategically":[151],"guard":[153],"against":[154],"early":[155],"cell":[156],"RETROFIT":[159,247,250,296],"is":[160],"compatible":[161],"with":[162,197,251,290,309],"that":[166,246],"guarantee":[167],"mitigate":[169],"hard":[170],"error-correcting":[173],"codes":[174],"(ECC).":[175],"Rather":[176],"than":[177],"discard":[178],"retired":[179,188,193],"rows,":[180],"when":[181],"any":[182],"row":[184,194],"completely":[185],"replaces":[186],"a":[187,202],"row,":[189],"retarget":[191],"assist":[196],"column":[198],"sparing.":[199],"It":[200],"becomes":[201],"group":[203],"Page":[205],"Protecting":[206],"Pointers":[207],"(PPPs),":[208],"which":[209],"utilizes":[210],"otherwise":[211],"discarded":[212],"potential":[215],"enhance":[218],"leveling":[220],"ability":[221],"RETROFIT.":[223],"To":[224],"relieve":[225],"column-level":[226,293],"imbalance,":[227],"apply":[229],"idle":[230],"bits":[233],"they":[235],"reduce":[239],"average":[240,265],"bit":[241],"flips.":[242],"The":[243],"evaluation":[244],"demonstrates":[245],"enhanced":[249,295],"PPPs":[253],"improve":[254],"much":[258],"0.64\u00d7":[260],"5.4\u00d7":[262],"case,":[266],"respectively,":[267],"over":[268,304],"state-of-the-art":[269],"method":[271],"while":[272],"also":[273],"reducing":[274],"area":[275],"overhead.":[276,312],"worst-case":[279],"scenario,":[280],"improvements":[282],"increase":[284],"2.6\u00d7":[286],"16.0\u00d7.":[288],"Combined":[289],"proposed":[292],"realizes":[297],"an":[298],"overall":[299],"1.5\u00d7":[300],"improvement":[303],"perfectly":[306],"uniform":[307],"wear-leveling":[308],"equal":[310],"storage":[311]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}