{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4360831824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10071017","title":"TensorFHE: Achieving Practical Computation on Encrypted Data Using GPGPU","display_name":"TensorFHE: Achieving Practical Computation on Encrypted Data Using GPGPU","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4360831824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10071017"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10071017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10071017","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053382926","display_name":"Shengyu Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28006308","display_name":"Shandong Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wy3h363","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28006308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shengyu Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China","School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28006308"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100449940","display_name":"Zhiwei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6729-2237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004234465","display_name":"Weizhi Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28006308","display_name":"Shandong Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wy3h363","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28006308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weizhi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Normal University,School of Information Science and Engineering,Jinan,China","School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Normal University,School of Information Science and Engineering,Jinan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28006308"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28006308"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010636698","display_name":"Rui Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0348-8772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103216134","display_name":"Dan Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3076-8294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101985756","display_name":"Mingzhe Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2279-7025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingzhe Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China","State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053382926"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28006308","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.7664,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98963927,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"922","last_page":"934"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8267791271209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-purpose-computing-on-graphics-processing-units","display_name":"General-purpose computing on graphics processing units","score":0.7828736305236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.6790536046028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.602584719657898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.5790587067604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5531413555145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5425054430961609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5083507895469666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4937220513820648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.47140219807624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4072146415710449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.23494306206703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2152405083179474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.11133095622062683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8267791271209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50630238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971505","display_name":"General-purpose computing on graphics processing units","level":3,"score":0.7828736305236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.6790536046028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.602584719657898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.5790587067604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5531413555145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5425054430961609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5083507895469666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4937220513820648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.47140219807624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4072146415710449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.23494306206703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2152405083179474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.11133095622062683}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10071017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10071017","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W166833272","https://openalex.org/W398859631","https://openalex.org/W1580045882","https://openalex.org/W1608458190","https://openalex.org/W2047188941","https://openalex.org/W2051247395","https://openalex.org/W2061171222","https://openalex.org/W2073842331","https://openalex.org/W2080592089","https://openalex.org/W2097909140","https://openalex.org/W2107953479","https://openalex.org/W2108199413","https://openalex.org/W2116612304","https://openalex.org/W2136080590","https://openalex.org/W2144645218","https://openalex.org/W2162363208","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2201294065","https://openalex.org/W2309997581","https://openalex.org/W2396301548","https://openalex.org/W2467320551","https://openalex.org/W2527617455","https://openalex.org/W2529885034","https://openalex.org/W2537286916","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2794634409","https://openalex.org/W2897432283","https://openalex.org/W2899140612","https://openalex.org/W2902726272","https://openalex.org/W2906825476","https://openalex.org/W2920798074","https://openalex.org/W2966536036","https://openalex.org/W2969350772","https://openalex.org/W2981801946","https://openalex.org/W2999905431","https://openalex.org/W3006531732","https://openalex.org/W3012235108","https://openalex.org/W3019884349","https://openalex.org/W3028867652","https://openalex.org/W3102510044","https://openalex.org/W3108669911","https://openalex.org/W3109801878","https://openalex.org/W3132616766","https://openalex.org/W3173128495","https://openalex.org/W3205226039","https://openalex.org/W3205883294","https://openalex.org/W3207326900","https://openalex.org/W3216360301","https://openalex.org/W4205474236","https://openalex.org/W4236580217","https://openalex.org/W4281609193","https://openalex.org/W4281792301","https://openalex.org/W4307925365","https://openalex.org/W6712018824","https://openalex.org/W6757849600","https://openalex.org/W6760272376","https://openalex.org/W6762477711","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6775246916","https://openalex.org/W6778434676","https://openalex.org/W6791330944","https://openalex.org/W7067201269"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W4393118461","https://openalex.org/W4390664647","https://openalex.org/W3012147850","https://openalex.org/W4313300189","https://openalex.org/W2949835517","https://openalex.org/W2601739120","https://openalex.org/W4401752887","https://openalex.org/W2625655658","https://openalex.org/W2771047361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,28,40,45,55,133,164,173,199,216,273,284],"cloud":[2],"computing":[3],"era,":[4],"privacy":[5],"protection":[6],"is":[7,26,172,226,258],"becoming":[8],"pervasive":[9],"in":[10,65,191,219,316],"a":[11,80,97,125,192,287,291,311],"broad":[12,312],"range":[13],"of":[14,48,135,166,175,201,306,314],"applications":[15,152,315],"(e.g.,":[16],"machine":[17],"learning,":[18],"data":[19,217],"mining,":[20],"etc).":[21],"Fully":[22],"Homomorphic":[23],"Encryption":[24],"(FHE)":[25],"considered":[27],"perfect":[29],"solution":[30,146],"as":[31,185,189,234],"it":[32,225,279],"enables":[33],"privacy-preserved":[34],"computation":[35,165],"on":[36,90,100,117,148,153,183,205,265,296],"untrusted":[37],"servers.":[38],"Unfortunately,":[39],"prohibitive":[41],"performance":[42,70,106,231,271,301],"overhead":[43],"blocks":[44],"wide":[46],"adoption":[47],"FHE":[49,72,86,94,114,136,144,176,187,251,263,275,308],"(about":[50],"10,":[51],"000\u00d7":[52],"slower":[53],"than":[54,107,197,261,283],"normal":[56],"computation).":[57],"As":[58],"heterogeneous":[59],"architectures":[60],"have":[61,88],"gained":[62],"remarkable":[63],"success":[64],"several":[66],"fields,":[67],"achieving":[68],"high":[69,300],"for":[71,150,246,310],"with":[73,103,177,232,235,286,299],"specifically":[74],"designed":[75],"accelerators":[76,87,115],"seems":[77],"to":[78,162,213,228,272],"be":[79],"natural":[81],"choice.":[82],"Until":[83],"now,":[84],"most":[85],"focused":[89],"efficiently":[91],"implementing":[92],"one":[93,202],"operation":[95],"at":[96],"time":[98,194],"based":[99,147,295],"ASIC":[101,237,274],"and":[102,109,120,124,243,248],"significantly":[104],"higher":[105],"GPU":[108],"FPGA.":[110],"However,":[111],"recent":[112],"state-of-the-art":[113,236,262,307],"rely":[116],"an":[118,143,207],"expensive":[119],"large":[121],"on-chip":[122],"storage":[123],"high-end":[126],"manufacturing":[127],"process":[128],"(i.e.,":[129],"7nm),":[130],"which":[131,171,257,277],"increase":[132],"cost":[134],"adoption.In":[137],"this":[138],"paper,":[139],"we":[140],"propose":[141],"TensorFHE,":[142],"acceleration":[145,294],"GPGPU":[149,233],"real":[151,317],"encrypted":[154],"data.":[155],"TensorFHE":[156,181,209,239,268],"utilizes":[157],"Tensor":[158],"Core":[159],"Units":[160],"(TCUs)":[161],"boost":[163],"Number":[167],"Theoretic":[168],"Transform":[169],"(NTT),":[170],"part":[174],"highest":[178],"time-cost.":[179],"Moreover,":[180,267],"focuses":[182],"performing":[184],"many":[186],"operations":[188],"possible":[190,227],"certain":[193],"period":[195],"rather":[196],"reducing":[198],"latency":[200],"operation.":[203],"Based":[204],"such":[206],"idea,":[208],"introduces":[210],"operation-level":[211],"batching":[212],"fully":[214],"utilize":[215],"parallelism":[218],"GPGPU.":[220],"We":[221],"experimentally":[222],"prove":[223],"that":[224],"achieve":[229],"comparable":[230,270],"accelerators.":[238],"performs":[240],"913":[241],"KOPS":[242,245],"88":[244],"NTT":[247],"HMULT":[249],"(key":[250],"kernels)":[252],"within":[253],"NVIDIA":[254],"A100":[255],"GPGPU,":[256],"2.61\u00d7":[259],"faster":[260,282],"implementation":[264],"GPGPU;":[266],"provides":[269],"accelerators,":[276],"makes":[278],"even":[280],"2.9\u00d7":[281],"F1+":[285],"specific":[288],"workload.":[289],"Such":[290],"pure":[292],"software":[293],"commercial":[297],"hardware":[298],"can":[302],"open":[303],"up":[304],"usage":[305],"algorithms":[309],"set":[313],"systems.":[318]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-23T09:07:50.710637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
