{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2128155782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fskd.2008.28","title":"Application of Principal Component Analysis and Clustering to Spatial Allocation of Groundwater Contamination","display_name":"Application of Principal Component Analysis and Clustering to Spatial Allocation of Groundwater Contamination","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2128155782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fskd.2008.28","mag":"2128155782"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fskd.2008.28","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fskd.2008.28","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 Fifth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110277203","display_name":"Ting-Nien Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190409851","display_name":"Kun Shan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01gzkdv90","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190409851"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting-Nien Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190409851"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035873814","display_name":"Chiu-Sheng Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190409851","display_name":"Kun Shan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01gzkdv90","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190409851"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiu-Sheng Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190409851"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190409851"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.6809,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98062792,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"236","last_page":"240"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10398","display_name":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.8776135444641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater","display_name":"Groundwater","score":0.7797009348869324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contamination","display_name":"Contamination","score":0.6678224802017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquifer","display_name":"Aquifer","score":0.6676392555236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5689327716827393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5435975790023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollution","display_name":"Pollution","score":0.5293351411819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.4699825346469879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrate","display_name":"Nitrate","score":0.4358070194721222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-quality","display_name":"Water quality","score":0.42793452739715576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.4172731041908264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2243359386920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.13775330781936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.13502544164657593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10909229516983032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10830473899841309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.07811269164085388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.8776135444641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.7797009348869324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.6678224802017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75622301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208791","display_name":"Aquifer","level":3,"score":0.6676392555236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5689327716827393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5435975790023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.5293351411819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.4699825346469879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776384668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182168","display_name":"Nitrate","level":2,"score":0.4358070194721222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.42793452739715576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.4172731041908264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2243359386920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.13775330781936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.13502544164657593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10909229516983032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10830473899841309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.07811269164085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fskd.2008.28","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fskd.2008.28","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 Fifth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W637541719","https://openalex.org/W1981772487","https://openalex.org/W2005549204","https://openalex.org/W2172185496","https://openalex.org/W2741548529","https://openalex.org/W2803872237","https://openalex.org/W2889479606","https://openalex.org/W6742112368"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W985732587","https://openalex.org/W2350422742","https://openalex.org/W1947007732","https://openalex.org/W2922239277","https://openalex.org/W3036980091","https://openalex.org/W1608852890","https://openalex.org/W2007103879","https://openalex.org/W2034460869","https://openalex.org/W2089984573","https://openalex.org/W2766681990"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presented":[2],"a":[3],"case":[4],"study":[5,38],"that":[6],"conventional":[7],"statistical":[8],"methods":[9],"were":[10,35,65,137],"applied":[11],"to":[12,17,67,78,124,146],"mining":[13],"environmental":[14],"monitoring":[15,25,164],"database":[16],"extract":[18],"the":[19,84,113,118,126,149,154,167,173,184,188],"patterns":[20],"of":[21,43,98,128,151,156,169,175],"groundwater":[22,31,45,132,157,176],"contamination.":[23,158],"Eighty-four":[24],"wells":[26,165,186],"located":[27],"at":[28],"Chianan":[29],"Plain":[30],"subregion":[32],"in":[33,117,131,139,144],"Taiwan":[34],"selected":[36],"as":[37],"area,":[39],"and":[40,63,69,87,109,134,172],"lab":[41],"data":[42,82],"routine":[44],"analysis":[46,74,142],"including":[47],"pH,":[48],"EC,":[49],"hardness,":[50],"TDS,":[51],"TOC,":[52],"ammonia,":[53],"nitrate,":[54],"chloride,":[55],"sulfate,":[56],"Fe,":[57],"Mn,":[58],"As,":[59],"Na,":[60],"K,":[61],"Ca":[62],"Mg":[64],"subjected":[66],"factor":[68],"cluster":[70,141],"analysis.":[71],"Principal":[72],"component":[73],"(PCA)":[75],"was":[76,122],"utilized":[77],"reflect":[79],"those":[80],"chemical":[81],"with":[83,148],"greatest":[85],"correlation,":[86],"PCA":[88],"results":[89,161],"identified":[90],"four":[91],"major":[92],"principal":[93],"components":[94],"(PCs)":[95],"representing":[96],"82.4%":[97],"cumulative":[99],"variance.":[100],"By":[101],"utilizing":[102],"PCA,":[103],"salinization,":[104],"As":[105],"dissolution,":[106],"organic":[107],"pollution,":[108],"mineralization":[110],"reasonably":[111],"interpreted":[112],"possible":[114],"underlying":[115],"processes":[116],"aquifer.":[119],"Clustering":[120],"technique":[121],"used":[123],"evaluate":[125],"similarities":[127],"water":[129],"quality":[130],"samples,":[133],"4":[135],"clusters":[136],"assigned":[138],"two-step":[140],"(CA)":[143],"order":[145],"correspond":[147],"number":[150],"PCs,":[152],"i.e.":[153],"sources":[155],"Accordingly,":[159],"CA":[160],"distributed":[162],"all":[163],"into":[166],"domain":[168,174],"each":[170],"PC,":[171],"contamination":[177],"can":[178],"be":[179],"spatially":[180],"allocated":[181],"by":[182],"mapping":[183],"neighbouring":[185],"within":[187],"identical":[189],"cluster.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}