{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4241319225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/essderc53440.2021.9631786","title":"A 2.1 pJ/SOP 40nm SNN Accelerator Featuring On-chip Transfer Learning using Delta STDP","display_name":"A 2.1 pJ/SOP 40nm SNN Accelerator Featuring On-chip Transfer Learning using Delta STDP","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4241319225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/essderc53440.2021.9631786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/essderc53440.2021.9631786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/essderc53440.2021.9631786","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ESSDERC 2021 - IEEE 51st European Solid-State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050583342","display_name":"M. M. Wong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. M. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR, Singapore","Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A&#x002A","STAR, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A&#x002A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047097034","display_name":"S. B. Shrestha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. B. Shrestha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR, Singapore","STAR, Singapore","Institute of Infocomm Research (I2R), A&#x002A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Infocomm Research (I2R), A&#x002A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028126517","display_name":"V. P. Nambiar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. P. Nambiar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR, Singapore","STAR, Singapore","Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A&#x002A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A&#x002A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032669042","display_name":"A. Mani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Mani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR, Singapore","STAR, Singapore","Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A&#x002A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A&#x002A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100696644","display_name":"Yejin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4844-8210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. K. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR, Singapore","Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A&#x002A","STAR, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A&#x002A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088712809","display_name":"E. K. Koh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. K. Koh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR, Singapore","STAR, Singapore","Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A&#x002A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A&#x002A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090340617","display_name":"Wenwen Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8699-1348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR, Singapore","STAR, Singapore","Institute of Infocomm Research (I2R), A&#x002A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Infocomm Research (I2R), A&#x002A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009979172","display_name":"Kaitian Chai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. T. C. Chai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR, Singapore","Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A&#x002A","STAR, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A&#x002A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111337684","display_name":"A. T.","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. T. Do","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR, Singapore","STAR, Singapore","Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A&#x002A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A&#x002A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050583342"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6016,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68045203,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"95","last_page":"98"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.9550389051437378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.7854771614074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.7174066305160522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6499273777008057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.5510650873184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.529403567314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5238635540008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.47031891345977783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.45502597093582153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-rule","display_name":"Learning rule","score":0.4238073229789734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.41288498044013977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3528515696525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11633655428886414}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.9550389051437378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.7854771614074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.7174066305160522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6499273777008057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.5510650873184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.529403567314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5238635540008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.47031891345977783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.45502597093582153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779127903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510194","display_name":"Learning rule","level":3,"score":0.4238073229789734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.41288498044013977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3528515696525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11633655428886414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/essderc53440.2021.9631786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/essderc53440.2021.9631786","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ESSDERC 2021 - IEEE 51st European Solid-State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115733720","https://openalex.org/W2783525259","https://openalex.org/W2798690537","https://openalex.org/W2906048113","https://openalex.org/W2921131065","https://openalex.org/W3018523095","https://openalex.org/W3041133507","https://openalex.org/W3126444928","https://openalex.org/W6929116918"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206030721","https://openalex.org/W2963468148","https://openalex.org/W3134388707","https://openalex.org/W4320813023","https://openalex.org/W3155495210","https://openalex.org/W4241319225","https://openalex.org/W3049512883","https://openalex.org/W2995498660","https://openalex.org/W4287688720","https://openalex.org/W3210048154"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,12,44,49],"neuromorphic":[4,26],"chip":[5,27,94,165],"featuring":[6],"energy-efficient":[7],"transfer":[8],"learning":[9,14,62,69,101,145],"capability":[10],"using":[11,103,132],"new":[13],"rule,":[15],"Delta-":[16],"Spike":[17],"Time":[18],"Dependent":[19],"Plasticity":[20],"(STDP).":[21],"Delta":[22,65],"STDP":[23,66],"enables":[24],"the":[25,59,83,87,123,150,164,177],"to":[28,34,37,58,176],"leverage":[29],"on":[30,82],"its":[31],"previous":[32],"knowledge":[33],"learn":[35],"and":[36,47,78,106,143],"solve":[38],"different":[39],"but":[40],"related":[41],"tasks":[42],"at":[43,128,161,169],"faster":[45],"rate":[46,147],"with":[48,122],"limited":[50],"number":[51],"(few":[52],"shots)":[53],"of":[54,86,113,141],"training":[55,120,135],"samples.":[56],"Compared":[57],"unsupervised":[60],"on-chip":[61,100],"(OCL)":[63],"rules,":[64],"offers":[67],"lower":[68,75,174],"overheads":[70],"as":[71],"it":[72,137],"has":[73],"∼20%":[74],"memory":[76],"utilization":[77],"is":[79,126,148,159,172],"operated":[80],"only":[81,133],"last":[84],"layer":[85],"Spiking":[88],"Neural":[89],"Network":[90],"(SNN).":[91],"A":[92],"test":[93],"fabricated":[95],"in":[96],"40nm":[97],"demonstrates":[98],"this":[99,144],"concept":[102],"DVS":[104,116],"gesture":[105,117],"MNIST":[107,157],"datasets.":[108],"It":[109],"achieves":[110],"an":[111,139],"accuracy":[112,140],">80%":[114],"for":[115,156],"(using":[118],"9.8K":[119],"samples)":[121],"total":[124,154],"energy/learning":[125,155],"5.2J":[127],"0.5V.":[129,162],"For":[130],"MNIST,":[131],"2K":[134],"samples,":[136],"attains":[138],"97%":[142],"convergence":[146],">10x":[149],"conventional":[151],"OCLs.":[152],"The":[153],"dataset":[158],"8.6mJ":[160],"Overall,":[163],"consumes":[166],"2.1":[167],"pJ/SOP":[168],"0.5V,":[170],"which":[171],"12.3x-91.4x":[173],"compared":[175],"existing":[178],"state-of-the-art.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}