{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405490853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782610","title":"Machine Learning Approaches for Blood Pressure Classification from Photoplethysmogram: A Comparative Analysis","display_name":"Machine Learning Approaches for Blood Pressure Classification from Photoplethysmogram: A Comparative Analysis","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405490853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782610","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40040211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782610","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782610","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115513811","display_name":"Mathew Cigi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathew Cigi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Madras,Department of Electrical Engineering,Chennai,India,600036"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras,Department of Electrical Engineering,Chennai,India,600036","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074716015","display_name":"Raj Kiran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-5438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102197","display_name":"Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/017mw4x28","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102197"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raj Kiran V","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Madras,Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre,Chennai,India,600113"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras,Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre,Chennai,India,600113","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775","https://openalex.org/I4210102197"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080462933","display_name":"P. M. Nabeel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7280-0048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102197","display_name":"Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/017mw4x28","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102197"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. M. Nabeel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Madras,Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre,Chennai,India,600113"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras,Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre,Chennai,India,600113","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775","https://openalex.org/I4210102197"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020295407","display_name":"Jayaraj Joseph","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7279-9099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jayaraj Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Madras,Department of Electrical Engineering,Chennai,India,600036"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras,Department of Electrical Engineering,Chennai,India,600036","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2024","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11700","display_name":"Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.9329992532730103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6154483556747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-pressure","display_name":"Blood pressure","score":0.5158052444458008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4833390414714813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4098983705043793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1452960968017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.12268581986427307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.11183327436447144}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.9329992532730103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6154483556747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.5158052444458008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4833390414714813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4098983705043793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1452960968017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.12268581986427307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.11183327436447144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001794","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001794","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001794","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001795","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure Determination","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001795","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure Determination","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001795","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure Determination","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782610","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782610","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:40040211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40040211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2798127031","https://openalex.org/W2922473356","https://openalex.org/W2979595423","https://openalex.org/W3005838656","https://openalex.org/W3026347134","https://openalex.org/W4205678932","https://openalex.org/W4206521920","https://openalex.org/W4283320059","https://openalex.org/W4292794062","https://openalex.org/W4309711161","https://openalex.org/W4319602646"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"cuffless":[1,175],"estimation":[2],"of":[3,12,39,69,170,183],"blood":[4,97,129,176],"pressure":[5,98,130,177],"(BP)":[6],"has":[7,33,77],"become":[8],"a":[9],"prominent":[10],"area":[11],"research":[13,163],"in":[14,95,153,174],"recent":[15],"years":[16],"fueled":[17],"by":[18,36],"its":[19],"potential":[20],"clinical":[21,80],"implications":[22],"and":[23,58,67,74,110,120,134,160],"the":[24,28,37,65,87,125,145,154,168,181],"growing":[25],"interest":[26],"from":[27,90,124],"wearable":[29,184],"device":[30],"industry.":[31],"It":[32],"been":[34,78],"accelerated":[35],"emergence":[38],"learning-based":[40],"models.":[41],"Most":[42],"use":[43],"multiple":[44],"pulse":[45,54],"signals":[46],"such":[47,70],"as":[48],"ECG,":[49],"PPG,":[50],"etc.":[51],"rely":[52],"on":[53,85],"transit":[55],"time":[56],"estimates":[57],"related":[59],"features":[60],"for":[61,138,186],"estimating":[62],"BP.":[63],"However,":[64],"accuracy":[66,88,151],"reliability":[68],"methods":[71],"are":[72],"questionable":[73],"hence":[75],"there":[76],"limited":[79],"uptake.":[81],"This":[82,162],"study":[83],"focuses":[84],"evaluating":[86],"obtained":[89],"different":[91,171],"machine":[92,146],"learning":[93,147],"models":[94,117],"classifying":[96],"using":[99,122],"PPG":[100],"signals.":[101],"Specifically,":[102],"Logistic":[103],"Regression,":[104],"Support":[105],"Vector":[106],"Classifier,":[107,109],"Bagging":[108],"Random":[111],"Forest":[112],"Classifier":[113],"were":[114,118,136],"studied.":[115],"These":[116],"trained":[119],"tested":[121],"data":[123],"PulseDB":[126],"dataset.":[127],"Three":[128],"classes":[131],"Hypotension,":[132],"Normal,":[133],"Hypertension":[135],"considered":[137],"classification.":[139],"Results":[140],"indicate":[141],"varying":[142],"performance":[143],"across":[144],"models,":[148],"with":[149],"overall":[150],"ranked":[152],"following":[155],"order,":[156],"61%,":[157],"65%,":[158],"72%,":[159],"87%.":[161],"contributes":[164],"valuable":[165],"insights":[166],"into":[167],"efficiency":[169],"machine-learning":[172],"approaches":[173],"classification":[178],"thereby":[179],"informing":[180],"development":[182],"devices":[185],"cardiovascular":[187],"health":[188],"monitoring.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}