{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200278145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630685","title":"PPG-Based Respiratory Rate Monitoring Using Hybrid Vote-Aggregate Fusion Technique","display_name":"PPG-Based Respiratory Rate Monitoring Using Hybrid Vote-Aggregate Fusion Technique","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200278145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630685","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891592"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068314195","display_name":"Serj Haddad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8299-4154"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Serj Haddad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senbiosys SA, Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senbiosys SA, Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011071154","display_name":"Assim Boukhayma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0506-7648"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Assim Boukhayma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senbiosys SA, Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senbiosys SA, Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002585224","display_name":"Antonino Caizzone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7788-8242"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonino Caizzone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senbiosys SA, Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senbiosys SA, Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5406,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81366301,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"1605","last_page":"1608"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11700","display_name":"Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.9457910060882568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capnography","display_name":"Capnography","score":0.812851071357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.7104741334915161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-rate","display_name":"Respiratory rate","score":0.7012407779693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","score":0.4968567192554474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.4606267511844635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.45896458625793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43524715304374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-absolute-error","display_name":"Mean absolute error","score":0.419084370136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.418060839176178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.40565726161003113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37585121393203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23618558049201965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.19836106896400452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate","display_name":"Heart rate","score":0.17724722623825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13021185994148254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.09722644090652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anesthesia","display_name":"Anesthesia","score":0.0949210524559021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-pressure","display_name":"Blood pressure","score":0.06758874654769897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.9457910060882568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778207410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1728669","display_name":"Capnography","level":2,"score":0.812851071357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.7104741334915161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8213797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754250","display_name":"Respiratory rate","level":4,"score":0.7012407779693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.4968567192554474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.4606267511844635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.45896458625793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43524715304374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188154048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803609","display_name":"Mean absolute error","level":3,"score":0.419084370136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.418060839176178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40565726161003113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37585121393203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23618558049201965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.19836106896400452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.17724722623825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13021185994148254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.09722644090652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.0949210524559021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.06758874654769897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056152","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056152","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056152","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34891592","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1264889757","https://openalex.org/W2026699230","https://openalex.org/W2124106073","https://openalex.org/W2130111393","https://openalex.org/W2313758645","https://openalex.org/W2552408385","https://openalex.org/W2625908633","https://openalex.org/W2803927209","https://openalex.org/W2810701344","https://openalex.org/W2975135574","https://openalex.org/W3096775664","https://openalex.org/W3107825029","https://openalex.org/W3108105311","https://openalex.org/W3110689439","https://openalex.org/W3213323081","https://openalex.org/W4252189662","https://openalex.org/W6628110941","https://openalex.org/W6767712340","https://openalex.org/W6786896302"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989270564","https://openalex.org/W1996314835","https://openalex.org/W2294459407","https://openalex.org/W1930005563","https://openalex.org/W4367040707","https://openalex.org/W2579570518","https://openalex.org/W2970617416","https://openalex.org/W2589856790","https://openalex.org/W2936194951","https://openalex.org/W2323865216"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"work,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"a":[5,18,71,114,125,132,142],"low-complexity":[6],"photoplethysmography-based":[7],"respiratory":[8,61],"rate":[9,62],"monitoring":[10,101],"(PPG-RRM)":[11],"algorithm":[12,112],"that":[13,90],"achieves":[14,113],"high":[15],"accuracy":[16],"through":[17,70],"novel":[19],"fusion":[20,74],"method.":[21],"The":[22,43,65],"proposed":[23,110],"technique":[24],"extracts":[25],"three":[26,58],"respiratory-induced":[27],"variation":[28,44],"signals,":[29],"namely":[30],"the":[31,34,37,40,53,78,84,105,109],"maximum":[32],"slope,":[33],"amplitude,":[35],"and":[36,56,94,141],"frequency,":[38],"from":[39],"PPG":[41,93],"signal.":[42],"signals":[45,96],"undergo":[46],"time":[47],"domain":[48],"peak":[49],"detection":[50],"to":[51,76,97,104],"identify":[52],"inter-breath":[54],"intervals":[55],"produce":[57],"different":[59],"instantaneous":[60],"(IRR)":[63],"estimates.":[64],"IRR":[66],"estimates":[67],"are":[68],"combined":[69],"hybrid":[72],"vote-aggregate":[73],"scheme":[75],"generate":[77],"final":[79],"RR":[80,100],"estimate.":[81],"We":[82],"utilize":[83],"publicly":[85],"available":[86],"Capnobase":[87],"data-sets":[88],"[1]":[89],"contain":[91],"both":[92],"capnography":[95,107],"evaluate":[98],"our":[99],"algorithm.":[102],"Compared":[103],"reference":[106],"IRR,":[108],"PPG-RRM":[111],"mean":[115,126,134],"absolute":[116],"error":[117,127,136],"(MAE)":[118],"of":[119,129,138],"1.44":[120],"breaths":[121],"per":[122],"minute":[123],"(bpm),":[124],"(ME)":[128],"0.70\u00b12.54":[130],"bpm,":[131,140],"root":[133],"square":[135],"(RMSE)":[137],"2.63":[139],"Pearson":[143],"correlation":[144],"coefficient":[145],"r":[146],"=":[147],"0.95,":[148],"p":[149],"<":[150],".001.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
