{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414197561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132418","title":"Hypnos: Memory Efficient Homomorphic Processing Unit","display_name":"Hypnos: Memory Efficient Homomorphic Processing Unit","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414197561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132418","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132418","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 62nd ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102706250","display_name":"Haoxuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8318-4529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haoxuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKLP, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLP, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102815814","display_name":"Yinghao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0551-5703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinghao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKLP, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLP, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011556206","display_name":"Hang Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6881-660X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKLP, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLP, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023380073","display_name":"Xiaowei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0874-814X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKLP, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLP, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102706250"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25862782,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9660999774932861,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9537000060081482,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.7402999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6521999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.4154999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-management","display_name":"Memory management","score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-protection","display_name":"Memory protection","score":0.39169999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8030999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.7402999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6521999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5532000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.4154999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18131444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163585","display_name":"Memory protection","level":5,"score":0.39169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123593499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6008583","display_name":"In-Memory Processing","level":5,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41036726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844824","display_name":"Physical address","level":3,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166501710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5132476","display_name":"Client-side encryption","level":4,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132418","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132418","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 62nd ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2910353502","https://openalex.org/W2966536036","https://openalex.org/W3173128495","https://openalex.org/W3207326900","https://openalex.org/W4281609193","https://openalex.org/W4281792301","https://openalex.org/W4307925365","https://openalex.org/W4360831809","https://openalex.org/W4360831815","https://openalex.org/W4380881143"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"Homomorphic":[1],"Encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"introduces":[4],"a":[5,50,121],"novel":[6],"paradigm":[7],"in":[8,78],"privacy-preserving":[9],"computation,":[10],"extending":[11],"its":[12],"applicability":[13],"to":[14,178,183,191],"various":[15],"scenarios.":[16],"However,":[17],"Operating":[18],"on":[19,55,147],"encrypted":[20,73],"data":[21,28,74],"imposes":[22],"significant":[23],"computational":[24,57],"challenges,":[25],"particularly":[26],"elevating":[27],"transmission":[29],"and":[30,59,117,137,152,161,166,185,194],"memory":[31,81,125,130,135],"access":[32,136],"demands.":[33],"Consequently,":[34],"developing":[35],"an":[36],"efficient":[37,60],"system":[38,127],"storage":[39],"architecture":[40],"becomes":[41],"vital":[42],"for":[43,113,129,197],"FHE-specific":[44],"architectures.":[45],"Traditional":[46],"FHE":[47,108],"accelerators":[48],"use":[49],"Host+ACC":[51],"topology,":[52],"often":[53],"focusing":[54],"enhancing":[56],"performance":[58],"using":[61],"of":[62,72,86,140],"on-chip":[63],"caches,":[64],"with":[65,120],"the":[66,79,84,87,134,148,154,169],"assumption":[67],"that":[68],"very":[69],"large":[70],"volumes":[71],"are":[75],"already":[76],"present":[77],"accelerator\u2019s":[80],"while":[82],"neglecting":[83],"inefficiencies":[85],"unavoidable":[88],"PCIe":[89],"bus.":[90],"In":[91,102],"this":[92],"paper,":[93],"we":[94,104],"propose":[95],"Hypnos\u2014a":[96],"memory-efficient":[97,114],"homomorphic":[98,122,141],"encryption":[99,123,142],"processing":[100,115],"unit.":[101],"Hypnos,":[103],"abstract":[105],"operators":[106],"from":[107],"schemes":[109],"into":[110],"commands":[111],"suitable":[112],"units":[116],"combine":[118],"them":[119],"paged":[124],"management":[126],"designed":[128],"access,":[131],"significantly":[132],"reducing":[133],"execution":[138],"time":[139],"applications.":[143],"We":[144],"implement":[145],"Hypnos":[146],"QianKun":[149],"FPGA":[150,162],"Card":[151],"highlight":[153],"following":[155],"results:":[156],"(1)":[157],"outperforms":[158],"SOTA":[159],"ASIC":[160],"solutions":[163],"by":[164,174],"2.58\u00d7":[165],"4.43\u00d7":[167],"(2)":[168],"communication":[170],"overhead":[171],"is":[172],"reduced":[173],"3.78":[175],"\u00d7":[176],"compared":[177,190],"traditional":[179],"architectures;":[180],"(3)":[181],"up":[182],"27.6\u00d7":[184],"19.06\u00d7":[186],"energy":[187],"efficiency":[188],"improvement":[189],"ASIC-based":[192],"CraterLake":[193],"FPGA-based":[195],"Poseidon":[196],"ResNet-20":[198],"respectively.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
