{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2152923755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206574","title":"Dictionary-free categorization of very similar objects via stacked evidence trees","display_name":"Dictionary-free categorization of very similar objects via stacked evidence trees","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2152923755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206574","mag":"2152923755"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607795","display_name":"2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046222584","display_name":"Gonzalo Mart\u00ednez-Mu\u00f1oz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gonzalo Martinez-Munoz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049422957","display_name":"N. Larios","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalia Larios","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034831185","display_name":"Eric N. Mortensen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Mortensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751469","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2937-1732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078260141","display_name":"Asako Yamamuro","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asako Yamamuro","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046168911","display_name":"Robert Paasch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Paasch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012026514","display_name":"Nadia Payet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadia Payet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082016681","display_name":"David A. Lytle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6086-0331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lytle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076121553","display_name":"Linda G. Shapiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9495-0968"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linda Shapiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lucidyne Technologies, Inc., Corvallis, OR, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lucidyne Technologies, Inc., Corvallis, OR, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027742996","display_name":"Sini\u0161a Todorovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-5921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sinisa Todorovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114006976","display_name":"Andrew R. Moldenke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Moldenke","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074537073","display_name":"Thomas G. Dietterich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8223-8586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas G. Dietterich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046222584"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.039,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98166908,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"549","last_page":"556"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.843859076499939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6659333109855652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5531319379806519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-categorization","display_name":"Text categorization","score":0.487236887216568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48205670714378357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3541426658630371}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.843859076499939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6659333109855652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5531319379806519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986744138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302088","display_name":"Text categorization","level":3,"score":0.487236887216568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48205670714378357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3541426658630371}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607795","display_name":"2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W174426676","https://openalex.org/W1481738430","https://openalex.org/W1625255723","https://openalex.org/W1676552347","https://openalex.org/W1699734612","https://openalex.org/W1902027874","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W2042587503","https://openalex.org/W2085927826","https://openalex.org/W2096883744","https://openalex.org/W2097366995","https://openalex.org/W2102429867","https://openalex.org/W2104170135","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2122696439","https://openalex.org/W2136171036","https://openalex.org/W2140047820","https://openalex.org/W2141082694","https://openalex.org/W2141303268","https://openalex.org/W2144920235","https://openalex.org/W2146398330","https://openalex.org/W2146739705","https://openalex.org/W2148596671","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2151259137","https://openalex.org/W2155231285","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2163318306","https://openalex.org/W2186094539","https://openalex.org/W2798766386","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W3148981562","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4292023222","https://openalex.org/W4396738453","https://openalex.org/W6607075649","https://openalex.org/W6641939000","https://openalex.org/W6674711097","https://openalex.org/W6674755931","https://openalex.org/W6681680021","https://openalex.org/W6681815949"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360898036","https://openalex.org/W2390857744","https://openalex.org/W2133651098","https://openalex.org/W2390698788","https://openalex.org/W2383063829","https://openalex.org/W2138922887","https://openalex.org/W2082678934","https://openalex.org/W2035261173","https://openalex.org/W2106892947","https://openalex.org/W2237299843"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"work":[1],"in":[2,47,88,254],"object":[3,267],"categorization":[4,29,218],"discriminates":[5],"among":[6],"objects":[7],"that":[8,31,35,55,136,157,170,259],"typically":[9],"possess":[10],"gross":[11],"differences":[12],"which":[13,245],"are":[14,74,78,188],"readily":[15,41],"apparent.":[16],"However,":[17],"many":[18],"applications":[19],"require":[20],"making":[21],"much":[22],"finer":[23],"distinctions.":[24],"We":[25,164,220],"address":[26],"an":[27,122,203,236],"insect":[28],"problem":[30],"is":[32,114,135,173,199,208],"so":[33],"challenging":[34],"even":[36],"trained":[37,116],"human":[38],"experts":[39],"cannot":[40],"categorize":[42,179],"images":[43],"of":[44,52,112,121,132,149,154,161,239,250],"insects":[45],"considered":[46],"this":[48,62,73],"paper.":[49],"The":[50],"state":[51],"the":[53,76,81,84,119,147,162,191,194,217,227,242,255,260],"art":[54],"uses":[56],"visual":[57],"dictionaries,":[58],"when":[59],"applied":[60],"to":[61,117,201,211,215],"problem,":[63],"yields":[64],"mediocre":[65],"results":[66],"(16.1%":[67],"error).":[68],"Three":[69],"possible":[70],"explanations":[71],"for":[72,184,265],"(a)":[75],"dictionaries":[77,82],"unsupervised,":[79],"(b)":[80],"lose":[83],"detailed":[85],"information":[86],"contained":[87],"each":[89,155,159,197],"keypoint,":[90],"and":[91,193,257],"(c)":[92],"these":[93,133],"methods":[94,252],"rely":[95],"on":[96,125,226,241],"hand-engineered":[97],"decisions":[98,141],"about":[99],"dictionary":[100],"size.":[101],"This":[102,207],"paper":[103],"presents":[104],"a":[105,166,180,212],"novel,":[106],"dictionary-free":[107],"methodology.":[108],"A":[109,129],"random":[110],"forest":[111],"trees":[113,134],"first":[115],"predict":[118],"class":[120],"image":[123],"based":[124],"individual":[126],"keypoint":[127],"descriptors.":[128],"unique":[130],"aspect":[131],"they":[137],"do":[138],"not":[139],"make":[140,216],"but":[142],"instead":[143],"merely":[144],"record":[145],"evidence-i.e.,":[146],"number":[148],"descriptors":[150,183],"from":[151],"training":[152],"examples":[153],"category":[156],"reached":[158],"leaf":[160,198],"tree.":[163],"provide":[165],"mathematical":[167],"model":[168],"showing":[169],"voting":[171,176],"evidence":[172,195,205],"better":[174],"than":[175],"decisions.":[177],"To":[178],"new":[181],"image,":[182],"all":[185],"detected":[186],"keypoints":[187],"\u201cdropped\u201d":[189],"through":[190],"trees,":[192],"at":[196],"summed":[200],"obtain":[202],"overall":[204],"vector.":[206],"then":[209],"sent":[210],"second-level":[213],"classifier":[214],"decision.":[219],"achieve":[221],"excellent":[222],"performance":[223],"(6.4%":[224],"error)":[225],"9-class":[228],"STONEFLY9":[229],"data":[230],"set.":[231],"Also,":[232],"our":[233],"method":[234,261],"achieves":[235],"average":[237],"AUC":[238],"0.921":[240],"PASCAL06":[243],"VOC,":[244],"places":[246],"it":[247],"fifth":[248],"out":[249],"21":[251],"reported":[253],"literature":[256],"demonstrates":[258],"also":[262],"works":[263],"well":[264],"generic":[266],"categorization.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}