{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2100559239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211465","title":"Shape-time photography","display_name":"Shape-time photography","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2100559239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211465","mag":"2100559239"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211465","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211465","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2003. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/6683/2/AIM-2002-002.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074429265","display_name":"William T. Freeman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2231-7995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"W.T. Freeman","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","[Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Massachusetts Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, MA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Massachusetts Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, MA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100397026","display_name":"Hao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1991-119X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","U.C. BERKELEY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.C. BERKELEY","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074429265"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5016,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93060141,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"II","last_page":"151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7894840240478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7827250957489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7482619881629944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6436570286750793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photography","display_name":"Photography","score":0.5724326372146606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-photography","display_name":"Computational photography","score":0.5270074605941772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereo-camera","display_name":"Stereo camera","score":0.491496205329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.46221229434013367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.37692543864250183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.37259596586227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.2971402406692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.07222029566764832}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7894840240478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7827250957489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7482619881629944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6436570286750793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119657128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11633","display_name":"Photography","level":2,"score":0.5724326372146606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146044194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157334","display_name":"Computational photography","level":4,"score":0.5270074605941772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185078393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313783","display_name":"Stereo camera","level":2,"score":0.491496205329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.46221229434013367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.37692543864250183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.37259596586227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2971402406692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.07222029566764832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211465","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211465","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2003. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/6683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/6683","pdf_url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/6683/2/AIM-2002-002.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:berkeley.edu:13030-hb5199p221","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://techreports.lib.berkeley.edu/accessPages/CSD-02-1171.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050879","display_name":"UC Berkeley","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"technical reports"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.18.2847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.18.2847","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/2002/AIM-2002-002.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.3.7808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.3.7808","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/wtf/freemanw_shapetimeRef.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/6683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/6683","pdf_url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/6683/2/AIM-2002-002.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2100559239.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2100559239.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978509032","https://openalex.org/W1982231459","https://openalex.org/W2020999234","https://openalex.org/W2054989861","https://openalex.org/W2098678088","https://openalex.org/W2117430149","https://openalex.org/W2121781154","https://openalex.org/W2142226088","https://openalex.org/W2149760002","https://openalex.org/W2159080219","https://openalex.org/W2165584048","https://openalex.org/W2180905035","https://openalex.org/W3106202740","https://openalex.org/W4239400817","https://openalex.org/W6674866097","https://openalex.org/W6681106479","https://openalex.org/W6682450420","https://openalex.org/W7046283970"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361248577","https://openalex.org/W3010334531","https://openalex.org/W2804670141","https://openalex.org/W2994735104","https://openalex.org/W2027349390","https://openalex.org/W1983639621","https://openalex.org/W2188751381","https://openalex.org/W1988828630","https://openalex.org/W2802215956","https://openalex.org/W2644581125"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,14,70,90],"introduce":[1],"a":[2,12,22,27,37,74,96],"new":[3],"method":[4],"to":[5,48,99],"describe":[6],"shape":[7],"relationships":[8,63],"over":[9,51],"time":[10,54],"in":[11,21,79,86],"photograph.":[13,76],"acquire":[15],"both":[16],"range":[17],"and":[18,114,117],"image":[19,39],"information":[20],"sequence":[23],"of":[24,41,93,126],"frames":[25],"using":[26,95],"stationary":[28],"stereo":[29,80,111],"camera.":[30],"From":[31],"the":[32,42,45,49,53,65,72,87,101,110,123,127],"pictures":[33],"taken,":[34],"we":[35],"compute":[36],"composite":[38,60,73],"consisting":[40],"pixels":[43],"from":[44],"surfaces":[46],"closest":[47],"camera":[50],"all":[52],"frames.":[55],"Through":[56],"occlusion":[57],"cues,":[58],"this":[59],"reveals":[61],"3-D":[62],"between":[64],"shapes":[66],"at":[67],"different":[68],"times.":[69],"call":[71],"shape-time":[75,88],"Small":[77],"errors":[78],"depth":[81,112],"measurements":[82,113],"can":[83],"create":[84],"artifacts":[85],"images.":[89],"correct":[91],"most":[92,102],"these":[94],"Markov":[97],"network":[98],"estimate":[100],"probable":[103],"front-surface":[104,128],"pixel,":[105],"taking":[106],"into":[107],"account":[108],"(a)":[109],"their":[115],"uncertainties,":[116],"(b)":[118],"spatial":[119],"continuity":[120],"assumptions":[121],"for":[122],"time-frame":[124],"assignments":[125],"pixels.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}