{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2141522145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211408","title":"Learning Bayesian network classifiers for facial expression recognition both labeled and unlabeled data","display_name":"Learning Bayesian network classifiers for facial expression recognition both labeled and unlabeled data","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2141522145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211408","mag":"2141522145"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211408","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2003. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080421570","display_name":"Ira L. Cohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6688-0141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"I. Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA","Beckman Inst., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaig, Urbana, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beckman Inst., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaig, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027171279","display_name":"Nicu Sebe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6597-7248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Sebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, The Netherlands","Leiden University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021665603","display_name":"F.G. Gozman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F.G. Gozman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057769349","display_name":"Marcelo C\u00e9sar Cirelo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.C. Cirelo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101457342","display_name":"Thomas S. Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8474-5859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T.S. Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA","Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, IL#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, IL#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080421570"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.9902,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":155,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99105671,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"I","last_page":"595"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7714085578918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.749567985534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6553919911384583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-network","display_name":"Bayesian network","score":0.5868944525718689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.5606520175933838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.5299725532531738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4955655336380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.4889625310897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.4762547016143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4718630015850067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.46699443459510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4425351023674011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.42688894271850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.4128817319869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayes-theorem","display_name":"Bayes' theorem","score":0.41022318601608276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.2831011414527893}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7714085578918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.749567985534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6553919911384583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33724603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812540","display_name":"Bayesian network","level":2,"score":0.5868944525718689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.5606520175933838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.5299725532531738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4955655336380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.4889625310897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.4762547016143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4718630015850067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.46699443459510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4425351023674011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.42688894271850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.4128817319869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207201462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182505","display_name":"Bayes' theorem","level":3,"score":0.41022318601608276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2831011414527893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211408","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2003. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60557504","https://openalex.org/W1554457642","https://openalex.org/W1574877594","https://openalex.org/W1817561967","https://openalex.org/W2005228957","https://openalex.org/W2008906462","https://openalex.org/W2022068631","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2056760934","https://openalex.org/W2084812512","https://openalex.org/W2097089247","https://openalex.org/W2125127226","https://openalex.org/W2127369981","https://openalex.org/W2131780901","https://openalex.org/W2137063157","https://openalex.org/W2154716422","https://openalex.org/W2158485347","https://openalex.org/W2159017231","https://openalex.org/W2159080219","https://openalex.org/W2330192890","https://openalex.org/W3171280080","https://openalex.org/W4236354166","https://openalex.org/W4250143236","https://openalex.org/W6633323911","https://openalex.org/W6680252977","https://openalex.org/W6796760531","https://openalex.org/W6992441829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2417174640","https://openalex.org/W1577730984","https://openalex.org/W2012743476","https://openalex.org/W2130553454","https://openalex.org/W3022007134","https://openalex.org/W4317548404","https://openalex.org/W2087783760","https://openalex.org/W1509924131","https://openalex.org/W3163689946","https://openalex.org/W4287890939"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"human":[1,16],"emotions":[2,24],"is":[3,25,74,116],"one":[4],"of":[5,46,64,94,139,155],"the":[6,10,65,70,92,137,173,178,186,205],"necessary":[7],"skills":[8],"for":[9,44,58,118,135],"computer":[11],"to":[12,77,109,164,204],"interact":[13],"intelligently":[14],"with":[15,96,146,192],"users.":[17],"The":[18],"most":[19],"expressive":[20],"way":[21],"humans":[22],"display":[23],"through":[26],"facial":[27,47],"expressions.":[28],"In":[29,86],"this":[30],"paper,":[31],"we":[32,37,88,126],"report":[33],"on":[34],"several":[35],"advances":[36],"have":[38],"made":[39],"in":[40,68,91],"building":[41],"a":[42,128],"system":[43],"classification":[45,121,129,166],"expressions":[48,60],"from":[49,61],"continuous":[50],"video":[51],"input.":[52],"We":[53,102,143,168],"use":[54],"Bayesian":[55,71,140],"network":[56,72,141],"classifiers":[57,73],"classifying":[59],"video.":[62],"One":[63],"motivating":[66],"factor":[67],"using":[69,106,112,172],"their":[75],"ability":[76],"handle":[78],"missing":[79],"data,":[80,157],"both":[81,97],"during":[82],"inference":[83],"and":[84,99,152,177],"training.":[85],"particular,":[87],"are":[89,202],"interested":[90],"problem":[93],"learning":[95,136],"labeled":[98,149,193],"unlabeled":[100,107,156,162,200],"data.":[101],"show":[103,144],"that":[104,145,185],"when":[105,199],"data":[108,163,201],"learn":[110],"classifiers,":[111,183],"correct":[113],"modeling":[114],"assumptions":[115],"critical":[117],"achieving":[119],"improved":[120],"performance.":[122,167],"Motivated":[123],"by":[124],"this,":[125],"introduce":[127],"driven":[130],"stochastic":[131],"structure":[132,138],"search":[133],"algorithm":[134],"classifiers.":[142],"moderate":[147],"size":[148],"training":[150,194,206],"sets":[151],"large":[153],"amount":[154],"our":[158],"method":[159],"can":[160,188],"utilize":[161],"improve":[165],"also":[169],"provide":[170],"results":[171],"Naive":[174,180],"Bayes":[175,181],"(NB)":[176],"Tree-Augmented":[179],"(TAN)":[182],"showing":[184],"two":[187],"achieve":[189],"good":[190],"performance":[191],"sets,":[195],"but":[196],"perform":[197],"poorly":[198],"added":[203],"set.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
