{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3197009809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csr51186.2021.9527919","title":"A Scalable Multi-Agent System for Black Start Restoration in Low Voltage Microgrids","display_name":"A Scalable Multi-Agent System for Black Start Restoration in Low Voltage Microgrids","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3197009809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csr51186.2021.9527919","mag":"3197009809"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/csr51186.2021.9527919","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csr51186.2021.9527919","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Resilience (CSR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CSR51186.2021.9527919","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042565715","display_name":"Achilleas Pasias","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093649","display_name":"Information Technologies Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0069akp70","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Achilleas Pasias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technologies Institute,Centre for Research & Technology Hellas,Greece,57001"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technologies Institute,Centre for Research & Technology Hellas,Greece,57001","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073084860","display_name":"Schoinas Alexandros","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093649","display_name":"Information Technologies Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0069akp70","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandros Schoinas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technologies Institute,Centre for Research & Technology Hellas,Greece,57001"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technologies Institute,Centre for Research & Technology Hellas,Greece,57001","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109397355","display_name":"Anastasios Drosou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093649","display_name":"Information Technologies Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0069akp70","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastasios Drosou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technologies Institute,Centre for Research & Technology Hellas,Greece,57001"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technologies Institute,Centre for Research & Technology Hellas,Greece,57001","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087452615","display_name":"Dimitrios Tzovaras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6915-6722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093649","display_name":"Information Technologies Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0069akp70","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios Tzovaras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technologies Institute,Centre for Research & Technology Hellas,Greece,57001"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technologies Institute,Centre for Research & Technology Hellas,Greece,57001","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042565715"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5547,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66137584,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"479","last_page":"484"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7661190032958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.7572076916694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-point-of-failure","display_name":"Single point of failure","score":0.6201823353767395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6180785298347473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.544788122177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.5347375869750977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5238380432128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5234555602073669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matlab","display_name":"MATLAB","score":0.479346364736557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.4437042474746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-voltage","display_name":"Low voltage","score":0.4323185086250305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.40759795904159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.37909170985221863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.36000263690948486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.33331480622291565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.32204753160476685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1610518991947174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.12462398409843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.11764982342720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07844579219818115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7661190032958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.7572076916694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.6201823353767395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6180785298347473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.544788122177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.5347375869750977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5238380432128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5234555602073669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169478","display_name":"MATLAB","level":2,"score":0.479346364736557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4437042474746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128624480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504817","display_name":"Low voltage","level":3,"score":0.4323185086250305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.40759795904159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.37909170985221863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.36000263690948486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.33331480622291565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32204753160476685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1610518991947174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.12462398409843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.11764982342720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07844579219818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/csr51186.2021.9527919","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csr51186.2021.9527919","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Resilience (CSR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:7299419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CSR51186.2021.9527919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:7299419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CSR51186.2021.9527919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7589443305","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"833955","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318064016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983610133","https://openalex.org/W1996519612","https://openalex.org/W2008620264","https://openalex.org/W2022825392","https://openalex.org/W2031464736","https://openalex.org/W2062188711","https://openalex.org/W2069512951","https://openalex.org/W2074796812","https://openalex.org/W2107141928","https://openalex.org/W2107396783","https://openalex.org/W2112090702","https://openalex.org/W2129728859","https://openalex.org/W2135574734","https://openalex.org/W2151685478","https://openalex.org/W2160643434","https://openalex.org/W2247744314","https://openalex.org/W2288680817","https://openalex.org/W2567463960","https://openalex.org/W2714280167","https://openalex.org/W2756794622","https://openalex.org/W2969369568","https://openalex.org/W2997137281","https://openalex.org/W4241669766"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210780382","https://openalex.org/W2057975886","https://openalex.org/W4308700935","https://openalex.org/W1574359403","https://openalex.org/W2355150740","https://openalex.org/W1570369983","https://openalex.org/W2906602677","https://openalex.org/W2051053503","https://openalex.org/W3112588909","https://openalex.org/W1993958856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,98],"recent":[1],"advances":[2],"in":[3,11,102,108],"automated":[4,36],"control":[5,86],"and":[6,30,39,63,74,110],"decision":[7,37],"making":[8,38,88],"has":[9],"resulted":[10],"well-organized":[12],"power":[13],"systems":[14],"that":[15],"are":[16,124],"less":[17],"susceptible":[18],"to":[19,53,126],"blackouts.":[20],"Nevertheless,":[21],"the":[22,33,89,111,114,117,128,131],"presence":[23],"of":[24,35,69,79,95,116,130],"restoration":[25,56,62],"processes":[26],"is":[27,77,100],"still":[28],"essential":[29],"should":[31],"follow":[32],"trend":[34],"control.":[40],"To":[41],"this":[42,44],"end,":[43],"paper":[45],"presents":[46],"a":[47,103],"Multi":[48],"Agent":[49],"System":[50],"(MAS)":[51],"focused":[52],"provide":[54],"two":[55],"processes,":[57],"namely":[58],"Voltage":[59],"&":[60],"Frequency":[61],"Black":[64],"Start":[65],"optimal":[66],"sequence":[67],"re-connection":[68],"Distributed":[70],"Energy":[71],"Resources":[72],"(DERs)":[73],"loads.":[75],"MAS":[76],"capable":[78],"operating":[80],"on":[81],"either":[82],"semi-centralised":[83],"or":[84],"distributed":[85],"modes":[87],"system":[90,99],"resilient":[91],"against":[92],"Single":[93],"Point":[94],"Failure":[96],"(SPOF).":[97],"evaluated":[101],"simulated":[104],"low-voltage":[105],"Microgrid":[106],"developed":[107],"MATLAB/Simulink":[109],"results":[112],"demonstrate":[113,127],"effectiveness":[115],"proposed":[118],"processes.":[119],"Finally,":[120],"empirical":[121],"synthetic":[122],"topologies":[123],"utilized":[125],"scalability":[129],"black":[132],"start":[133],"process.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}