{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407784033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comsnets63942.2025.10885605","title":"Revisiting Proof of Stake with Reward and Penalty Mechanism","display_name":"Revisiting Proof of Stake with Reward and Penalty Mechanism","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407784033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comsnets63942.2025.10885605"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comsnets63942.2025.10885605","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comsnets63942.2025.10885605","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 17th International Conference on COMmunication Systems and NETworks (COMSNETS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054569212","display_name":"Pankaj Gugnani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9747756","display_name":"Atal Bihari Vajpayee Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management","ror":"https://ror.org/008b3ap06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9747756"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pankaj Gugnani","raw_affiliation_strings":["ABV-Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management,Gwalior,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ABV-Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management,Gwalior,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9747756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116346588","display_name":"Rahul Singh Dhakad","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Singh Dhakad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amity University Madhya Pradesh,Gwalior,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amity University Madhya Pradesh,Gwalior,India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047080690","display_name":"Debanjan Sadhya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9989-3464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9747756","display_name":"Atal Bihari Vajpayee Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management","ror":"https://ror.org/008b3ap06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9747756"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debanjan Sadhya","raw_affiliation_strings":["ABV-Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management,Gwalior,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ABV-Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management,Gwalior,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9747756"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011951994","display_name":"W. Wilfred Godfrey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0720-2647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9747756","display_name":"Atal Bihari Vajpayee Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management","ror":"https://ror.org/008b3ap06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9747756"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Wilfred Godfrey","raw_affiliation_strings":["ABV-Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management,Gwalior,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ABV-Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management,Gwalior,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9747756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054569212"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9747756"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03367802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1287","last_page":"1292"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10991","display_name":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","score":0.11089999973773956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10991","display_name":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","score":0.11089999973773956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.69365394115448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6198171973228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.19085034728050232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.10831385850906372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.69365394115448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6198171973228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.19085034728050232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.10831385850906372}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comsnets63942.2025.10885605","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comsnets63942.2025.10885605","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 17th International Conference on COMmunication Systems and NETworks (COMSNETS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2762568907","https://openalex.org/W3046946645","https://openalex.org/W3047423828","https://openalex.org/W3111142426","https://openalex.org/W4205159683","https://openalex.org/W4214667959","https://openalex.org/W4313549246","https://openalex.org/W4375928123","https://openalex.org/W6686086662"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,208,229],"Proof":[1],"of":[2,17,34,44,77,96,145,170],"Stake":[3],"(PoS)":[4],"consensus":[5],"protocol":[6],"plays":[7],"a":[8,60,225],"fundamental":[9],"role":[10],"in":[11,53,134],"blockchain":[12],"technology,":[13],"where":[14],"the":[15,32,35,42,78,82,94,101,114,118,137,143,151,161,167,173,176,188,238],"validation":[16],"new":[18],"blocks":[19],"is":[20,39,52,66],"conducted":[21],"through":[22],"voting":[23,120,139],"by":[24,41,47,166],"designated":[25],"nodes":[26],"called":[27],"validators.":[28,171],"In":[29,172,195],"this":[30],"system,":[31],"selection":[33],"next":[36],"block":[37],"leader":[38],"influenced":[40],"amount":[43],"stake":[45,65],"held":[46],"participants.":[48],"A":[49],"penalty":[50,209,231],"mechanism":[51,91,210],"place":[54],"to":[55,136,158],"deter":[56],"fraudulent":[57],"actions.":[58],"If":[59],"participant":[61],"behaves":[62],"dishonestly,":[63],"their":[64],"at":[67,191],"risk,":[68],"with":[69,184,218],"full":[70],"penalties":[71,109,214,223],"imposed":[72],"if":[73],"51%":[74,240],"or":[75],"more":[76],"validators":[79,216,220],"vote":[80,227],"against":[81,100],"leader.":[83,102],"This":[84],"paper":[85],"investigates":[86],"an":[87],"incentivization":[88],"and":[89,108,117,160,182],"penalization":[90],"based":[92],"on":[93,112],"range":[95],"validator":[97],"votes":[98],"submitted":[99],"Our":[103],"proposed":[104,230],"model":[105],"adjusts":[106],"rewards":[107,190],"dynamically,":[110],"depending":[111],"both":[113],"leader\u2019s":[115],"reputation":[116,180],"validator\u2019s":[119,138],"range.":[121,140],"Leaders":[122],"who":[123],"demonstrate":[124],"consistent":[125],"honesty":[126],"are":[127,132],"rewarded,":[128],"while":[129],"malicious":[130],"behaviors":[131],"penalized":[133],"proportion":[135],"We":[141],"simulate":[142],"effects":[144],"various":[146],"system":[147,203],"parameters,":[148],"such":[149],"as":[150,215],"reward":[152],"factor":[153,163],"(\u03b1),":[154],"ranging":[155],"from":[156],"0.01":[157],"0.1,":[159],"scaling":[162,236],"(\u03b2),":[164],"determined":[165],"total":[168],"number":[169],"simulations,":[174],"increasing":[175],"parameter":[177],"\u03b1":[178,192,198],"accelerates":[179],"growth":[181],"rewards,":[183],"Gen-4":[185],"leaders":[186],"achieving":[187],"highest":[189],"=":[193],"0.1.":[194],"contrast,":[196],"lower":[197],"values":[199],"(i.e.,":[200],"0.01)":[201],"ensure":[202],"stability":[204],"but":[205],"slower":[206],"progression.":[207],"allows":[211],"for":[212],"dynamic":[213],"increase,":[217],"1000":[219],"imposing":[221],"substantial":[222],"beyond":[224],"0.5":[226],"ratio.":[228],"model,":[232],"hence,":[233],"offers":[234],"smoother":[235],"than":[237],"conventional":[239],"threshold.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-19T19:40:27.379048","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}