{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413680004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/compsac65507.2025.00135","title":"Embedding with Large Language Models for Classification of HIPAA Safeguard Compliance Rules","display_name":"Embedding with Large Language Models for Classification of HIPAA Safeguard Compliance Rules","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413680004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/compsac65507.2025.00135"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/compsac65507.2025.00135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/compsac65507.2025.00135","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 49th Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100674576","display_name":"Md. Abdur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4105-0368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116723","display_name":"Robotics Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/020w2fr77","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116723"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Abdur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of West Florida,Dept. of Intelligent Systems and Robotics,FL,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of West Florida,Dept. of Intelligent Systems and Robotics,FL,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006136903","display_name":"Md Abdul Barek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0947-0319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116723","display_name":"Robotics Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/020w2fr77","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116723"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150358","display_name":"Institut Syst\u00e8mes Intelligents et de Robotique","ror":"https://ror.org/05neq8668","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210150358","https://openalex.org/I4210159245"]}],"countries":["FR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Abdul Barek","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of West Florida,Dept. Intelligent Systems and Robotics,FL,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of West Florida,Dept. Intelligent Systems and Robotics,FL,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116723","https://openalex.org/I4210150358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087337758","display_name":"Abm Kamrul Islam Riad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7950-9007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116723","display_name":"Robotics Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/020w2fr77","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116723"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ABM Kamrul Islam Riad","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of West Florida,Dept. of Intelligent Systems and Robotics,FL,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of West Florida,Dept. of Intelligent Systems and Robotics,FL,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101842078","display_name":"Md Mostafizur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9025-2775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83683471","display_name":"University of West Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/002w4zy91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Mostafizur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of West Florida,Cybersecurity and Information Technology,FL,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of West Florida,Cybersecurity and Information Technology,FL,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101991508","display_name":"Md Rashid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9816-783X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83683471","display_name":"University of West Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/002w4zy91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Bajlur Rashid","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of West Florida,Cybersecurity and Information Technology,FL,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of West Florida,Cybersecurity and Information Technology,FL,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031854916","display_name":"Md Raihan Mia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6835-832X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Raihan Mia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marquette University,Dept. of Computer Science,WI,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marquette University,Dept. of Computer Science,WI,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052820694","display_name":"Hossain Shahriar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1021-7986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83683471","display_name":"University of West Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/002w4zy91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hossain Shahriar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of West Florida,Center for Cybersecurity,Pensacola,FL,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of West Florida,Center for Cybersecurity,Pensacola,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018234329","display_name":"Guillermo Francia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83683471","display_name":"University of West Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/002w4zy91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guillermo Francia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of West Florida,Center for Cybersecurity,Pensacola,FL,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of West Florida,Center for Cybersecurity,Pensacola,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038803920","display_name":"Fan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2797-4692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6026837","display_name":"Tuskegee University","ror":"https://ror.org/0137n4m74","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6026837"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tuskegee University,Department of Computer Science,Tuskegee,AL,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tuskegee University,Department of Computer Science,Tuskegee,AL,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6026837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053225136","display_name":"Alfredo Cuzzocrea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7104-6415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfredo Cuzzocrea","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Calabria,iDEA Lab,Rende,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Calabria,iDEA Lab,Rende,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080676206","display_name":"Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-7647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marquette University,Department of Computer Science,WI,United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marquette University,Department of Computer Science,WI,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100674576"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116723"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":56.4901,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99836273,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1040","last_page":"1046"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14133","display_name":"Border Security and International Relations","score":0.8176000118255615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14133","display_name":"Border Security and International Relations","score":0.8176000118255615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.7922999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.7041000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safeguard","display_name":"Safeguard","score":0.8173625469207764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compliance","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","score":0.7550453543663025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5723789930343628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.4919576346874237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.48226743936538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.33432814478874207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.27258580923080444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1988186538219452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.0707637369632721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780771206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271761","display_name":"Safeguard","level":2,"score":0.8173625469207764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7550453543663025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5723789930343628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.4919576346874237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.48226743936538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.33432814478874207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.27258580923080444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1988186538219452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0707637369632721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/compsac65507.2025.00135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/compsac65507.2025.00135","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 49th Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338440","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Health","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522230076","https://openalex.org/W1605226271","https://openalex.org/W2005261863","https://openalex.org/W2139150929","https://openalex.org/W2964243798","https://openalex.org/W3127312001","https://openalex.org/W4239025696","https://openalex.org/W4284710241","https://openalex.org/W4310676331","https://openalex.org/W4385485256","https://openalex.org/W4385811734","https://openalex.org/W4390485256","https://openalex.org/W4392209831","https://openalex.org/W4401173349","https://openalex.org/W4401879064","https://openalex.org/W4401879171","https://openalex.org/W4401879573","https://openalex.org/W4401879729","https://openalex.org/W4401943570","https://openalex.org/W4407247839","https://openalex.org/W4408008731","https://openalex.org/W4412082115"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3121667336","https://openalex.org/W2492640494","https://openalex.org/W4379054516","https://openalex.org/W2384877859","https://openalex.org/W2392961223","https://openalex.org/W2386423843","https://openalex.org/W1484464798","https://openalex.org/W2372945817","https://openalex.org/W3086882099","https://openalex.org/W2368702099"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"software":[1],"developers":[2],"of":[3,21,25,39,61,88,134],"mHealth":[4],"apps":[5],"are":[6],"responsible":[7],"for":[8,46,50,102,165],"protecting":[9],"patient":[10],"data":[11],"and":[12,17,28,106,149,161],"adhering":[13],"to":[14,30,85,90,99,112],"strict":[15],"privacy":[16],"security":[18],"requirements,":[19],"many":[20],"them":[22],"lack":[23],"awareness":[24],"HIPAA":[26,33,40],"regulations":[27],"struggle":[29],"distinguish":[31],"between":[32],"rules":[34,41],"categories.":[35],"Therefore,":[36,94],"providing":[37],"guidance":[38],"patterns":[42,105],"classification":[43,125],"is":[44],"essential":[45],"developing":[47],"secured":[48],"applications":[49],"Google":[51],"Play":[52],"Store.":[53],"In":[54],"this":[55,97],"work,":[56],"we":[57,72,95,137],"identified":[58],"the":[59,86,92,121,159],"limitations":[60],"traditional":[62],"Word2Vec":[63],"embeddings":[64,84],"in":[65],"processing":[66],"code":[67,104,111],"patterns.":[68],"To":[69],"address":[70],"this,":[71],"adopt":[73],"multilingual":[74],"BERT":[75,98],"(Bidirectional":[76],"Encoder":[77],"Representations":[78],"from":[79,141],"Transformers)":[80],"which":[81],"offers":[82],"contextualized":[83],"attributes":[87],"dataset":[89,101],"overcome":[91],"issues.":[93],"applied":[96],"our":[100],"embedding":[103],"then":[107],"uses":[108],"these":[109],"embedded":[110],"various":[113],"machine":[114],"learning":[115],"approaches.":[116,155],"Our":[117],"results":[118],"demonstrate":[119],"that":[120],"models":[122],"significantly":[123],"enhances":[124],"performance,":[126],"with":[127],"Logistic":[128],"Regression":[129],"achieving":[130],"a":[131],"remarkable":[132],"accuracy":[133,140],"99.95%.":[135],"Additionally,":[136],"obtained":[138],"high":[139],"Support":[142],"Vector":[143],"Machine":[144],"(99.79%),":[145],"Random":[146],"Forest":[147],"(99.73%),":[148],"Naive":[150],"Bayes":[151],"(95.93%),":[152],"outperforming":[153],"existing":[154],"This":[156],"work":[157],"underscores":[158],"effectiveness":[160],"showcases":[162],"its":[163],"potential":[164],"secure":[166],"application":[167],"development.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}