{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124164256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/codit66093.2025.11321881","title":"Lightweight vs. Advanced Architectures: Performance Analysis of YOLOv8n and YOLOv9T in RF Spectrogram-Based UAV Detection <sup>*</sup>","display_name":"Lightweight vs. Advanced Architectures: Performance Analysis of YOLOv8n and YOLOv9T in RF Spectrogram-Based UAV Detection <sup>*</sup>","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124164256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/codit66093.2025.11321881"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/codit66093.2025.11321881","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/codit66093.2025.11321881","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 11th International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123019890","display_name":"Feten Slimeni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155821","display_name":"Military Hospital of Tunis","ror":"https://ror.org/04n4f3r80","country_code":"TN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155821"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feten Slimeni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telecommunications Engineering at the Military Academy of Fondouk Djedid, 8012 Nabeul, Tunisia and a Researcher at the Science and Technology for Defense Laboratory of the Military Research Center (CRM),Aouina,Tunisia,2045 Tunis"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommunications Engineering at the Military Academy of Fondouk Djedid, 8012 Nabeul, Tunisia and a Researcher at the Science and Technology for Defense Laboratory of the Military Research Center (CRM),Aouina,Tunisia,2045 Tunis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155821"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011187672","display_name":"Tijeni Delleji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1323-8520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155821","display_name":"Military Hospital of Tunis","ror":"https://ror.org/04n4f3r80","country_code":"TN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155821"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tijeni Delleji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Avionics Engineering at the Aviation School of Borj El Amri (Tunisia), he serves as Anti-Drone Project Manager and Head of the Research Valorization Unit at Tunisia&#x2019;s Military Research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Avionics Engineering at the Aviation School of Borj El Amri (Tunisia), he serves as Anti-Drone Project Manager and Head of the Research Valorization Unit at Tunisia&#x2019;s Military Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155821"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106211365","display_name":"Ahmed Siala","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115403","display_name":"Military University","ror":"https://ror.org/029jy4332","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115403","https://openalex.org/I4210150315"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Siala","raw_affiliation_strings":["civil engineering, is the General Manager of the Military Research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"civil engineering, is the General Manager of the Military Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115403"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123019890"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155821"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78160861,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.8773999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.8773999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.025499999523162842,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.012000000104308128,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.8863999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.7537000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-software-radio-peripheral","display_name":"Universal Software Radio Peripheral","score":0.6452000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/footprint","display_name":"Footprint","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.48240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.47049999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.3765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.3443000018596649}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.8863999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.7537000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6973999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192220659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1245659","display_name":"Universal Software Radio Peripheral","level":3,"score":0.6452000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.6229000091552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.47049999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554876149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436167","display_name":"Radio control","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.25920000672340393}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/codit66093.2025.11321881","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/codit66093.2025.11321881","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 11th International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6395027041435242}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121885753","https://openalex.org/W2464322612","https://openalex.org/W2527386436","https://openalex.org/W2781849003","https://openalex.org/W2796789676","https://openalex.org/W2797821788","https://openalex.org/W2944086006","https://openalex.org/W2976792973","https://openalex.org/W3024044210","https://openalex.org/W3036046236","https://openalex.org/W4225765470","https://openalex.org/W4298139953","https://openalex.org/W4378808493","https://openalex.org/W4387808782","https://openalex.org/W4404525282","https://openalex.org/W4407593396","https://openalex.org/W4407922119"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,74],"rapid":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,71],"Unmanned":[4],"Aerial":[5],"Vehicles":[6],"(UAVs)":[7],"has":[8],"introduced":[9],"critical":[10],"security":[11],"risks":[12],"to":[13,54],"sensitive":[14],"infrastructures":[15],"such":[16],"as":[17],"airports":[18],"and":[19,31,40,65,82,86,146,163,175,190],"power":[20],"plants.":[21],"This":[22,184],"paper":[23],"presents":[24],"a":[25,45,68,120],"real-time":[26,170],"system":[27],"for":[28,88,114,197],"UAV":[29],"detection":[30],"identification":[32],"by":[33],"leveraging":[34],"radio":[35],"frequency":[36],"(RF)":[37],"spectrogram":[38,72],"analysis":[39],"deep":[41],"learning.":[42],"We":[43],"propose":[44],"Software-Defined":[46],"Radio":[47],"(SDR)based":[48],"framework":[49],"using":[50],"the":[51,94],"USRP":[52],"X310":[53],"capture":[55],"RF":[56,187],"signals":[57],"from":[58],"drone":[59,89,200],"remote":[60],"control":[61],"(RC)":[62],"link,":[63],"WiFi,":[64],"Bluetooth,":[66],"generating":[67],"custom":[69],"dataset":[70],"images.":[73],"You":[75],"Only":[76],"Look":[77],"Once":[78],"(YOLO)":[79],"architectures,":[80],"YOLOv8n":[81,97,152],"YOLOv9t,":[83],"are":[84],"trained":[85],"benchmarked":[87],"detection.A":[90],"comprehensive":[91],"evaluation":[92],"reveals":[93],"following":[95],"trade-offs:":[96],"achieves":[98],"superior":[99],"inference":[100],"speed":[101,174],"($\\mathbf{1.":[102],"6":[103],"~":[104],"m":[105],"s}$":[106],"vs.":[107],"$\\mathbf{3.":[108],"0}$":[109],"ms),":[110],"making":[111],"it":[112],"suitable":[113],"latency-sensitive":[115],"applications,":[116],"while":[117],"YOLOv9t":[118],"offers":[119],"lighter":[121],"parameter":[122],"footprint":[123],"despite":[124],"comparable":[125],"computational":[126],"complexity":[127],"(7-8":[128],"GFLOPs).":[129],"Both":[130],"models":[131],"exhibit":[132],"similar":[133],"accuracy,":[134,176],"with":[135],"mean":[136],"Average":[137],"Precision":[138],"(mAP5095)":[139],"stabilizing":[140],"at":[141],"$\\mathbf{0.":[142],"8}-\\mathbf{0.":[143],"8":[144],"5}$":[145],"matching":[147],"classification/box":[148],"loss":[149],"trajectories.":[150],"However,":[151],"slightly":[153],"outperforms":[154],"in":[155,169],"bounding":[156],"box":[157],"refinement":[158],"(22%":[159],"better":[160],"DFL":[161],"loss)":[162],"precision.Our":[164],"findings":[165],"underscore":[166],"YOLOv8n\u2019s":[167],"dominance":[168],"anti-drone":[171],"systems,":[172],"balancing":[173],"whereas":[177],"YOLOv9t\u2019s":[178],"compact":[179],"design":[180],"suits":[181],"resource-constrained":[182],"environments.":[183],"work":[185],"bridges":[186],"signal":[188],"processing":[189],"AI-driven":[191],"threat":[192],"mitigation,":[193],"offering":[194],"actionable":[195],"insights":[196],"deploying":[198],"scalable":[199],"surveillance":[201],"solutions.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-23T20:09:44.859080","created_date":"2026-01-15T00:00:00"}